{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:52:15Z","timestamp":1777877535991,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In Estonia, northeastern Europe,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    seroprevalence in humans has not declined, in contrast to many other countries. The reasons for this are unknown. Domestic cats are important hosts in the epidemiology of the parasite, but information on local feline\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections has been lacking. An epidemiological cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the risk factors associated with seropositivity in cats in Estonia. Surplus from blood samples that had been collected for unrelated diagnostic purposes from 306 pet cats and 184 shelter cats were analyzed for anti\u2013\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    immunoglobulin G antibodies by using a direct agglutination test. Two questionnaires were designed to reveal relevant risk factors for seropositivity. The overall seroprevalence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    in cats in Estonia was 60.8%. Older age, outdoor access, hunting, living outside the city in the countryside, and not being a purebred cat were among the risk factors associated with seropositivity.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    is highly prevalent in domestic cats in Estonia. This suggests that the environment has been contaminated with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Seropositivity indicates previous oocyst shedding, and most of the cats had outdoor access. The increase in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    seroprevalence with age indicates acquired infections, and most of the risk factors were lifestyle-related. Cat owners could diminish the risk of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and also limit the spread of the parasite by not allowing their cats to roam free.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,22]],"date-time":"2015-09-22T09:57:46Z","timestamp":1442915866000},"page":"597-601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Seroprevalence of and Risk Factors for\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    Infection in Cats in Estonia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"K\u00e4rt","family":"Must","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Estonian University of Life Sciences","place":["Estonia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Lassen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estonian University of Life Sciences","place":["Estonia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pikka","family":"Jokelainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estonian University of Life Sciences","place":["Estonia"]},{"name":"University of Helsinki","place":["Finland"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540600606556"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2009.01273.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","unstructured":"Dean AG Sullivan KM Soe MM. OpenEpi: Open source epidemiologic statistics for public health. www.OpenEpi.com Accessed 2012 2013 2014 and 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3254.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans","author":"Dubey JP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans, 2 nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2010:313 pp.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3229.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2012.01522.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","first-page":"100","article-title":"Zoonotic parasite infections among Estonian veterinarians compared with general population. Oral presentations","volume":"18","author":"Janson M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Janson M, , Neare K, , H\u00fctt P, , Orro T, et al. 2013. Zoonotic parasite infections among Estonian veterinarians compared with general population. Oral presentations. Trop Med Int Health, 2013; 18:100.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","unstructured":"Jokelainen P. Wild and domestic animals as hosts of Toxoplasma gondii in Finland. Doctoral Dissertation. Helsinki: University of Helsinki Finland; 2013:112 pp."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712461787"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.405"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","unstructured":"Must K Lassen B. Study: Toxoplasma gondii in Estonian cats. Blog entry. Parasitology in Estonia http:\/\/parasitologyestonia.blogspot.com\/2013\/01\/study-toxoplasma-gondii-in-estonian-cats.html ; Uuring: Toxoplasma gondii Eesti kassidel. Blog entry. Parasitoloogia Eestis http:\/\/parasitoloogiaestis.blogspot.com\/2013\/01\/oppima-toxoplasma-gondii-eesti-kassidel.html 2013."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Toksoplasmoosiuuringud Tartus","volume":"1","author":"Pehk R","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pehk R. Toksoplasmoosiuuringud Tartus. Eesti Arst, 1994; 1:20\u201321.","journal-title":"Eesti Arst"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","unstructured":"StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 11. 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