{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T12:09:28Z","timestamp":1791806968215,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Culex (Cx.) pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes are important vectors of West Nile virus (WNV). In Europe, the species\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    consists of two biotypes,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">molestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which are morphologically identical, but differ in behavior. Typical behavior of the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">molestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    biotype is the ability to remain active during winter, whereas the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    biotype enters diapause. The current paradigm is that the two biotypes occur sympatrically in southern Europe, but occur in isolated above- and belowground populations in northern Europe. In northern Europe, hybridization between biotypes is considered to be low because of the barrier that exists between typical habitats. Data on the occurrence of the biotypes and hybrids in northern Europe, however, are scarce, because identification to the level of biotype is often not performed. Our objective was to clarify the distribution of the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    biotypes and to determine hybridization rates in The Netherlands.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes were collected using three different approaches. First, traps were deployed randomly throughout The Netherlands during the summers of 2011 and 2012 (active surveillance). Second, using a web-based reporting platform and media campaign, Dutch citizens were asked to send dead mosquitoes to our laboratory during the winter and summer of 2014 (passive surveillance). Third, larvae and adults were collected during the summer of 2014 from aboveground locations in Amsterdam to identify\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">molestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    larval habitats. Real-time PCR was used for identification to the level of biotype. We found that biotype\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">molestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and hybrids were feeding indoors during winter and summer in The Netherlands and that hybridization rates ranged between 6% and 15%. Larval habitats of biotype\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">molestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    were found to occur aboveground. The high percentage of hybridization has implications for assessing the risk of WNV transmission, because hybrids are thought to have ideal characteristics for bridging WNV between birds and humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,22]],"date-time":"2015-09-22T09:57:06Z","timestamp":1442915826000},"page":"619-626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Winter Activity and Aboveground Hybridization Between the Two Biotypes of the West Nile Virus Vector\n                    <i>Culex pipiens<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chantal B.F.","family":"Vogels","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen University and Research Centre","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lennart J.J.","family":"van de Peppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen University and Research Centre","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnold J.H.","family":"van Vliet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen University and Research Centre","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Westenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dutch National Plant Protection Organization","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adolfo","family":"Iba\u00f1ez-Justicia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre (NRC)","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arjan","family":"Stroo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Reference Centre (NRC)","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan A.","family":"Buijs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Service Amsterdam","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tessa M.","family":"Visser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen University and Research Centre","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantianus J.M.","family":"Koenraadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen University and Research Centre","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-83"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X(2007)23[233:EOLVCO]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0266"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-92874-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6884120"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Epidemiology of West Nile in Europe and in the Mediterranean Basin","volume":"4","author":"Calistri P","year":"2010","unstructured":"Calistri P, , Giovannini A, , Hubalek Z, , Lonescu A, et al. 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