{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:54:03Z","timestamp":1792623243787,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Coxiellosis caused by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a cosmopolitan zoonosis, which causes significant losses through abortions and stillbirths in small ruminants. A cross-sectional seroprevalence study was conducted in two major sheep and goat farming districts of Punjab (Layyah and Muzaffargarh), Pakistan. In total, 542 small ruminants (271 sheep and goats each) of both sexes (60 males and 482 females) of different age groups from 104 flocks (52 flocks of either species) were randomly selected for the collection of sera and related epidemiological information. The sampling plan was devised at the expected prevalence of 50%, confidence interval (CI) of 95%, and error margin of 5%. A commercial indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA; ID Vet) was used to test the samples for the presence of both phase I and II antibodies. A high herd level prevalence (73.1%, 95% CI 63.5\u201381.3) was recorded in the studied districts. Individual level seroprevalence was recorded as 30.8% (95% CI 26.9\u201334.9). Higher value was recorded in females (32%) when compared with males (21.7%). Higher prevalence (34.8%, 95% CI 21.4\u201350.2) was observed in animals of 1 year (nulliparous) than to primiparous (24.8%, 95% CI 17.4\u201333.5) and multiparous (32.3%, 95% CI 27.6\u201337.3) animals. Univariable analysis indicated that caprine species (odds ratio [OR] 1.96,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.22), females (OR\u2009=\u20091.70,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.104), infestation with ticks (OR\u2009=\u2009234.39,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), abortion history (OR 1.96,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.14), retention of fetal membranes (OR 1.50,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.35), keeping a single breed in a herd (OR 1.50,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.56), and mixed feeding management (OR 1.37,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.33) were the variables found associated with high prevalence of antibodies to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. burnetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The study indicates that seroprevalence of coxiellosis was high in the studied small ruminant population and further studies are required to discern its epidemiology more precisely.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,12]],"date-time":"2016-05-12T12:49:55Z","timestamp":1463057395000},"page":"449-454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Seroprevalence of Q Fever (Coxiellosis) in Small Ruminants of Two Districts in Punjab, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Usman","family":"Zahid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Agriculture","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Hammad","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Agriculture","place":["Pakistan"]},{"name":"Animal Health Research Center","place":["Oman"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Saqib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Agriculture","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinrich","family":"Neubauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich Loeffler Institute","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghazanfar","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Agriculture","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iahtasham","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Khalid","family":"Mansoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Research Center","place":["Oman"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Nadeem","family":"Asi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Health Research Center","place":["Oman"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanveer","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Agriculture","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghulam","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Agriculture","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"126","article-title":"A serological investigation of Q fever in Pakistan","volume":"37","author":"Ahmed IP","year":"1987","unstructured":"Ahmed IP. A serological investigation of Q fever in Pakistan. J Pakistan Med Assoc, 1987; 37:126\u2013129.","journal-title":"J Pakistan Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01647731"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Emergence of Q fever","volume":"40","author":"Angelakis E","year":"2011","unstructured":"Angelakis E, , Raoult D. Emergence of Q fever. Iran J Public Health, 2011; 40:1\u201318.","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","unstructured":"Anonymous. Pakistan Livestock Census Agriculture Census Organization Government of Pakistan Statistical Division. 2006."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","first-page":"163","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Q fever in sheep and goat flocks with a history of abortion in Iran between 2011 and 2012","volume":"49","author":"Asadi J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Asadi J, , Kafi M, , Khalili M. Seroprevalence of Q fever in sheep and goat flocks with a history of abortion in Iran between 2011 and 2012. Vet Ital, 2013; 49:163\u2013168.","journal-title":"Vet Ital"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4721"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","volume-title":"Survey Toolbox for Livestcok Diseases: A Practical Manual and Software Package for Active Surveillance in Developing Countries","author":"Cameron A","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cameron A. Survey Toolbox for Livestcok Diseases: A Practical Manual and Software Package for Active Surveillance in Developing Countries. 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