{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T08:05:23Z","timestamp":1779437123276,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Highlands J virus (HJV) is an alphavirus closely related to western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV). HJV is an avian pathogen with the potential for disruption of poultry operations, but is not known to cause human or equine disease. HJV has only been identified in the eastern United States and is thought to have a transmission cycle similar to that of EEEV involving\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Culiseta melanura<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes and birds. However, HJV is more genetically similar to WEEV and it remains unclear if it may be transmitted by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    species mosquitoes like WEEV. Seven strains of HJV were characterized to assess this potential. Phylogenetic analysis of whole genome sequences revealed four distinct HJV lineages (lineages 1\u20134), and vector competence studies in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cx. tarsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    with four of the HJV strains from different lineages yielded two distinct infection patterns. Lineage 1 strains had low infection rates, while lineages 2 and 4 had significantly higher infection rates similar to those previously published for WEEV. The average mosquito body viral titer was highest at 8\u2009dpi (6.60\u20137.26 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    pfu equivalents\/body), and head titers at all time points ranged between 6.01 and 6.80 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    pfu equivalents\/head. Nearly 45% of mosquitoes infected with strain AB-80-9 were able to transmit virus in saliva with an average titer of 5.02 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    pfu equivalents\/saliva. A single amino acid difference between high and low infectivity phenotypes was identified at genome position 8605, in the E2 gene. A nonpolar glycine was present in the low infectivity lineage 1 strains, while an acidic glutamic acid was present in the higher infectivity lineage 2 and 4 strains. This study demonstrates HJV transmission by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cx. tarsalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquitoes and clearly identifies the potential for transmission in the western United States. Two infection phenotypes were exhibited, indicating the need for further studies to understand\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    species transmission patterns.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]],"date-time":"2016-06-01T21:00:58Z","timestamp":1464814858000},"page":"558-565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["<i>Culex Tarsalis<\/i>\n                    Mosquitoes as Vectors of Highlands J Virus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Erin M.","family":"Borland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"name":"Colorado State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy P.","family":"Ledermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann M.","family":"Powers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"name":"Colorado State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","first-page":"130","article-title":"An in vitro feeding technique for artificially demonstrating virus transmission by mosquitoes","volume":"37","author":"Aitken THG","year":"1977","unstructured":"Aitken THG. An in vitro feeding technique for artificially demonstrating virus transmission by mosquitoes. Mosq News, 1977; 37:130\u2013133.","journal-title":"Mosq News"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.3.296"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01586-09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","first-page":"232","article-title":"In vitro transmission of yellow fever virus by geographic strains of Aedes aegypti","volume":"39","author":"Beaty BJ","year":"1979","unstructured":"Beaty BJ, , Aitken THG. In vitro transmission of yellow fever virus by geographic strains of Aedes aegypti. Mosq News, 1979; 39:232\u2013238.","journal-title":"Mosq News"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1988.38.447"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879400600118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1591663"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60761-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1962.11.800"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1966.15.96"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","volume-title":"International Catalogue of Arboviruses (Including Certain Other Viruses of Vertebrates)","author":"Karabatsos N","year":"1985","unstructured":"Karabatsos N (Ed.). International Catalogue of Arboviruses (Including Certain Other Viruses of Vertebrates). San Antonio, TX: American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene for The Subcommittee on Information Exchange of the American Committee on Arthropod-borne Viruses, 1985."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.008656-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X(2006)22[272:EOTAIM]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.1190"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268899004227"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1986.35.1302"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Molecular determinants of mouse neurovirulence and mosquito infection for western equine encephalitis virus","author":"Mossel EC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mossel EC, , Ledermann JP, , Phillips AT, , Borland EM, et al. Molecular determinants of mouse neurovirulence and mosquito infection for western equine encephalitis virus. PLoS One, 2013; 8.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001931"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-47-2-261"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1591931"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1972.21.201"}],"container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/vbz.2015.1907","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2015.1907","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2015.1907","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T07:15:25Z","timestamp":1779434125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/vbz.2015.1907"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/vbz.2015.1907"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2015.1907","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-3667","1557-7759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-3667","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7759","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}}}