{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T18:18:30Z","timestamp":1793470710168,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"\n A passive surveillance of tick-borne pathogens was conducted over a 7-year period (2006\u20132012), in which a total of 3551 ticks were submitted to the University of Massachusetts for PCR testing. The vast majority of these ticks were\n Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n from Massachusetts (\n N<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20092088) and hence were the focus of further analysis. Two TaqMan duplex qPCR assays were developed to test\n I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n ticks for the presence of three human pathogens:\n Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Babesia microti<\/jats:italic>\n .\n I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n submissions were concentrated from Cape Cod, the eastern half of the state outside of the Boston metropolitan area, parts of Franklin and Hampshire counties along the Quabbin Reservoir watershed, and southwestern Berkshire county. Differences in seasonal activity pattern were observed for different developmental stages of\n I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n . The largest proportion of tick bite victims were age 9 years and under. Nymphal ticks were found more often on lower extremities of their hosts, while more adult ticks were found on the head. Overall infection rate of\n B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n in human-biting ticks was 29.6%, 4.6%, and 1.8%, respectively.\n B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n -infected ticks were widely distributed, but\n A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n - and\n B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n -infected\n I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n were found mainly in the eastern half of the state. We found that 1.8%, 1.0%, and 0.4% of ticks were coinfected by\n B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n and\n A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n and\n B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n and\n B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n , respectively, and 0.3% of ticks had triple coinfection.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,1]],"date-time":"2016-06-01T21:01:00Z","timestamp":1464814860000},"page":"520-527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Passive Surveillance of\n Ixodes scapularis<\/i>\n (Say), Their Biting Activity, and Associated Pathogens in Massachusetts"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Guang","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas N.","family":"Mather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rhode Island"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig S.","family":"Hollingsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for Lyme disease\u2014United States, 1992\u20132006","volume":"57","author":"Bacon RM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bacon RM, , Kugeler KJ, , Mead PS. Surveillance for Lyme disease\u2014United States, 1992\u20132006. MMWR Surveill Summ, 2008; 57:1\u20139.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.4.570"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.7.3164-3168.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","first-page":"1019","article-title":"Notice to readers: Final 2015 reports of nationally notifiable infectious diseases","volume":"64","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2015","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Notice to readers: Final 2015 reports of nationally notifiable infectious diseases. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015; 64:1019\u20131033.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182004006080"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115057"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/36.3.361"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00308-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0803.010166"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.1092"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1004.030566"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3284739"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.3.297"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/26.5.435"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The genus Ixodes in the United States: A scanning electron microscope study and key to the adults","volume":"2","author":"Keirans JE","year":"1978","unstructured":"Keirans JE, , Clifford CM. The genus Ixodes in the United States: A scanning electron microscope study and key to the adults. J Med Entomol Suppl, 1978; 2:1\u2013149.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/ME11210"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008879"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/33.5.711"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105358"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.3.600"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(00)00315-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.3.557-558.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4065\/76.7.713"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/44.6.1118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.2.179"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1105.040381"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.1.67"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00011-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.12.6209"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318818"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1504.080940"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/32.6.853"}],"container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/vbz.2015.1912","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2015.1912","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2015.1912","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T07:15:40Z","timestamp":1779434140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/vbz.2015.1912"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/vbz.2015.1912"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2015.1912","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-3667","1557-7759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-3667","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7759","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}}}