{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T04:36:08Z","timestamp":1784349368615,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]],"date-time":"2017-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1506816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Despite the great efforts by health authorities in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) continues to be a major public health problem in the country. Many risk factors make KSA prone to outbreaks and epidemics; among these, rapid urbanization and the huge population movement are the most important. The disease is endemic in many parts of KSA, with the majority of cases concentrated in six regions, including Al-Qaseem, Riyadh, Al-Hassa, Aseer, Ha'il, and Al-Madinah.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania major<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. major)<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania tropica<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. tropica<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) are the main dermotropic species, and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Phlebotomus papatasi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (vector of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. major<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Phlebotomus sergenti<\/jats:italic>\n                    (vector of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. tropica<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) are the proved vectors of the disease.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Psammomys obesus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Meriones libycus<\/jats:italic>\n                    have been defined as the principal reservoir hosts of zoonotic CL in Al-Hassa oasis, Al-Madinah, and Al-Qaseem provinces. Clinically, males are affected more than females, and there is no variation between the Saudis and expatriates in terms of number of reported cases, but the disease tends to run a more severe course among non-Saudis. Face is the most commonly affected site, and ulcerative pattern accounts for 90% of lesions. Despite local and international recommendations of using laboratory diagnostics to confirm CL cases, most cases in KSA are diagnosed and treated on clinical grounds and local epidemiology. However, systemic parenteral sodium stibogluconate (SSG) is the first line of therapy and used to treat all CL patients irrespective of their clinical presentation or the incriminated species. In brief, more efforts are needed to combat this disease. Several aspects of the disease require more evaluation through encouragement of national and regional studies. Development of evidence based national diagnostic and management guidelines, as well as algorithms, is urgently needed to improve the practice of diagnosing and treating CL in KSA.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,14]],"date-time":"2017-08-14T12:11:32Z","timestamp":1502712692000},"page":"673-684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Saudi Arabia: A Comprehensive Overview"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Abuzaid A.","family":"Abuzaid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdalmohsin M.","family":"Abdoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Aldahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah G.","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raaft F.","family":"Alhakeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdullah M.","family":"Asiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed H.","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziad A.","family":"Memish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health","place":["Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Alfaisal University","place":["Saudi Arabia"]},{"name":"Emory University","place":["Georgia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Distribution of Sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Saudi Arabia","volume":"171","author":"Alahmed AM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Alahmed AM, , Kheir SM, , Al Khereji MA. 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