{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T18:07:32Z","timestamp":1793124452282,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]],"date-time":"2017-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MRSA) is a pathogen associated with severe infections in companion animals present in the community, and it is diagnosed in animals admitted to veterinary hospitals. However, reports that describe the circulation of MRSA in animal populations and veterinary settings in Latin America are scarce. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and investigate the molecular epidemiology of MRSA in the environment of the largest veterinary teaching hospital in Costa Rica. Preselected contact surfaces were sampled twice within a 6-week period. Antimicrobial resistance, SCC\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mec<\/jats:italic>\n                    type, Panton-Valentine leukocidin screening, USA type, and clonality were assessed in all recovered isolates. Overall, MRSA was isolated from 26.5% (27\/102) of the surfaces sampled, with doors, desks, and examination tables most frequently contaminated. Molecular analysis demonstrated a variety of surfaces from different sections of the hospital contaminated by three highly related clones\/pulsotypes. All, but one of the isolates were characterized as multidrug-resistant SCC\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mec<\/jats:italic>\n                    type IV-USA700, a strain sporadically described in other countries and often classified as community acquired. The detection and frequency of this unique strain in this veterinary setting suggest Costa Rica has a distinctive MRSA ecology when compared with other countries\/regions. The high level of environmental contamination highlights the necessity to establish and enforce standard cleaning and disinfection protocols to minimize further spread of this pathogen and reduce the risk of nosocomial and\/or occupational transmission of MRSA.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,17]],"date-time":"2017-08-17T10:36:05Z","timestamp":1502966165000},"page":"645-653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant\n                    <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>\n                    at the Largest Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Costa Rica"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Irene","family":"Rojas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional","place":["Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"El\u00edas","family":"Barquero-Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional","place":["Costa Rica"]},{"name":"Universidad de Costa Rica","place":["Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joany C.","family":"van Balen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norman","family":"Rojas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Costa Rica","place":["Costa Rica"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lohendy","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando E.","family":"Hoet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University"},{"name":"The Ohio State University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028529"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2012.01238.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-54-14"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/502369"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"Epidemiolog\u00eda de la Resistencia a Meticilina en Cepas de Staphylococcus aureus aisladas en Hospitales Espa\u00f1oles. Patolog\u00eda y Terap\u00e9utica Experimental","author":"Borraz Ord\u00e1z C","year":"2006","unstructured":"Borraz Ord\u00e1z C. Epidemiolog\u00eda de la Resistencia a Meticilina en Cepas de Staphylococcus aureus aisladas en Hospitales Espa\u00f1oles. Patolog\u00eda y Terap\u00e9utica Experimental. Barcelona: Universidad de Barcelona;, 2006:203.","journal-title":"Barcelona: Universidad de Barcelona;"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/598243"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/647686"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700501"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","unstructured":"CDC. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016. Available at www.cdc.gov\/mrsa"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","unstructured":"CDC\/Pulse-Net. Oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on PulseNet (OPN): Laboratory protocols for molecular typing of S. aureus by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Available at www.cdc.gov\/mrsa\/pdf\/ar_mras_PFGE_s_aureus.pdf Accessed August7 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(13)70136-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","first-page":"94","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated From Animals; Approved Standard\u2013Fourth Edition","author":"CLSI","year":"2013","unstructured":"CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk and Dilution Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria Isolated From Animals; Approved Standard\u2013Fourth Edition. VET 01-A4. 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