{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T02:51:34Z","timestamp":1792896694741,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Leptospirosis occurs sporadically and as outbreaks throughout Ukraine and is a nationally reportable disease. Zakarpattia oblast, in the southwestern region of the country, is endemic for disease. This study examines changes in epidemic patterns from 2005 to 2015.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Suspected cases from health care services were identified based on clinical presentation and serological samples were collected. Patient sera were tested by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) against serovars of\n Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n spp. belonging to 13 serogroups. Small mammals were also collected, sampled, and tested near locations of suspected exposures. Changes in leptospirosis incidence in Zakarpattia oblast were characterized over an 11-year period.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 420\/2079 possible human cases were identified as having leptospirosis and 401\/420 were confirmed by MAT. There was no annual trend in prevalence. Incidence increased from 2005 to 2009, peaked in 2010 (6.24 cases\/100,000), and by 2015, there were only sporadic cases (0.88\/100,000). The predominant serogroups were Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis, and Grippotyphosa of\n Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n spp. The dominant serogroups shifted during the study from predominantly Icterohaemorrhagiae to Grippotyphosa in later years. A total of 2820 small mammals were assayed for\n Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n spp.\n Apodemus agrarius<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Rattus norvegicus<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n Mus musculus<\/jats:italic>\n were the most common species sampled (76.1% of all captures). Among small mammals, antibodies were found mostly for Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, and Grippotyphosa serogroups, and were detected in 276 samples (9.79%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.56%). The dominant serogroups of\n Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n spp. isolated from mammals and patients changed cyclically, but the common human serogroups tended to differ from that seen in the concurrent mammal populations.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n \n Patients with leptospirosis in this endemic region decreased more than fivefold during the past decade.\n Leptospira<\/jats:italic>\n infections in small mammals remained common across\n multiple species<\/jats:italic>\n ranging from 5% to 14%.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]],"date-time":"2019-03-05T15:58:51Z","timestamp":1551801531000},"page":"333-340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Leptospirosis in Zakarpattia Oblast (2005\u20132015)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Olga","family":"Markovych","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Especially Dangerous Infections, Department of Biological Factors Studies, Zakarpattia Oblast Laboratory Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Uzhhorod, Ukraine."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Tymchyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiological Surveillance and Prevention of Infectious Diseases, Zakarpattia Oblast Laboratory Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Uzhhorod, Ukraine."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iryna","family":"Kolesnikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology Department, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268801006380"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","volume-title":"Leptospirosis as Metropolis Zooanthroponosis: Etiological Structure, Epizootiological and Epidemiological Peculiarities, Diagnostics and Prophylaxis","author":"Badra BM","year":"2008","unstructured":"Badra BM. Leptospirosis as Metropolis Zooanthroponosis: Etiological Structure, Epizootiological and Epidemiological Peculiarities, Diagnostics and Prophylaxis. Saint Petersburg: Thesis Abstract, 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Technical information for leptospirosis. 2018. Available at https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/leptospirosis\/health_care workers\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. The First European Communicable Disease Epidemiological Report. 2007. Available at https:\/\/ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/portal\/files\/media\/en\/publications\/Publications\/0706_SUR_First_%20Annual_Epidemiological_Report_2007.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of emergency situations natural genesis (based on the model of floods in Transcarpathian region of Ukraine). Dissertation","volume":"4","author":"Markovych V","year":"2010","unstructured":"Markovych V. Epidemiological aspects of emergency situations natural genesis (based on the model of floods in Transcarpathian region of Ukraine). Dissertation. Kyiv, 2010; 4:49\u201350.","journal-title":"Kyiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","unstructured":"Mayer-Scholl A Luge E Hammer J Dremsek P et al. Study on the Leptospira prevalence in rats in major German cities. Proceedings of the European Meeting of Leptospirosis Eurolepto Dubrovnik Croatia May 31\u2013June 2 2012 2012."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"39 of 11 December 2002","author":"Methodological Recommendations 9.1.1.098-02 Anti-Epidemic Measures and Laboratory Diagnostics of Leptospirosis approved by the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine No","year":"2002","unstructured":"Methodological Recommendations 9.1.1.098-02 Anti-Epidemic Measures and Laboratory Diagnostics of Leptospirosis approved by the Decree of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of Ukraine No. 39 of 11 December 2002. Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kyiv, 2002:43\u201349.","journal-title":"Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Kyiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","first-page":"14","volume-title":"Nature-Protected Areas of Transcarpathian Region","author":"Pop S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pop S. Nature-Protected Areas of Transcarpathian Region. Uzhgorod: Karpaty, 2011:14\u201318."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","volume-title":"Non-transmission Natural-Foci Infections of the Far East","author":"Sidelnikov YN","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sidelnikov YN. Non-transmission Natural-Foci Infections of the Far East. Khabarovsk: Publishing Center of IPKSZ, 2006:24."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","first-page":"174","article-title":"Analytical review of technogenic and natural safety in Ukraine for 2015","author":"State Service of Ukraine for Emergency Situations (SSUES)","year":"2016","unstructured":"State Service of Ukraine for Emergency Situations (SSUES). Analytical review of technogenic and natural safety in Ukraine for 2015. Kyiv, 2016:174\u2013175. Available at http:\/\/cn.dsns.gov.ua\/ua\/Analitichniy-oglyad-stanu-tehnogennoyi-ta-prirodnoyi-bezpeki-v-Ukrayini-za-2015-rik.html.","journal-title":"Kyiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200110000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-125-10-199611150-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","first-page":"239","article-title":"Leptospirosis\u2014Current risk factors connected with human activity and the environment","volume":"20","author":"Wasi\u0144ski B","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wasi\u0144ski B, , Dutkiewicz J. Leptospirosis\u2014Current risk factors connected with human activity and the environment. Ann Agric Environ Med, 2013; 20:239\u2013244.","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","first-page":"402","article-title":"Bacterial and mycotic infections in wild rats from various environments","volume":"57","author":"Wincewicz E","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wincewicz E, , Klimentowski S, , \u015amielewska-\u0141o\u015b E, , Jopek Z, et al. Bacterial and mycotic infections in wild rats from various environments. Med Weter, 2001; 57:402\u2013407.","journal-title":"Med Weter"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jvetres-2016-0039"}],"container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/vbz.2018.2356","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2018.2356","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2018.2356","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:58:02Z","timestamp":1777589882000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/vbz.2018.2356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/vbz.2018.2356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2018.2356","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-3667","1557-7759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-3667","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7759","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]]}}}