{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T01:53:00Z","timestamp":1783389180485,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]],"date-time":"2019-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571961600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Orientia tsutsugamushi<\/jats:italic>\n                    is an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes scrub typhus in humans. Formerly thought to be confined to the \u201ctsutsugamushi triangle\u201d within the Asia\u2013Pacific region, scrub typhus was recently identified in the Western Hemisphere. Moreover, a new species of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Orientia<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacterial genus was isolated from a patient in Dubai. This study investigated\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Orientia<\/jats:italic>\n                    exposure in an African country, the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe. Two sets of samples were analyzed in the study: 240 dried blood spots (DBSs) collected in 2016 and 863 serum samples from 570 pregnant women in 2003. Antibodies against\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">O. tsutsugamushi<\/jats:italic>\n                    were examined by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The positive samples were further confirmed by Western blot. The results of IFA showed that 5.8% (14\/240) of DBSs and 20.4% (116\/570) of the serum samples contained reactive antibodies, whereas IgG ELISA yielded a positive rate of 15.4% (88\/570) for the serum samples. These findings provided serologic evidence of potential\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Orientia<\/jats:italic>\n                    exposure even though case of scrub typhus has never been diagnosed in the nation. Further studies are needed to determine the epidemiology and the burden of this neglected tropical disease in Africa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,13]],"date-time":"2019-08-13T11:59:55Z","timestamp":1565697595000},"page":"821-827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Serologic Evidence for\n                    <i>Orientia<\/i>\n                    Exposure in the Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Tsai-Ying","family":"Yen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland."},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Chung","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland."},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Mei","family":"Ching","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland."},{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Yun","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Diagnostic Center, Center for Disease Control, The Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lien-Feng","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taiwan Anti-Malaria Advisory Mission, Sao Tome, Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlindo Vicente de Assun\u00e7\u00e3o","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro National de Endemias, Sao Tome, Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun-Hsien","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taiwan Anti-Malaria Advisory Mission, Sao Tome, Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe."},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan."},{"name":"Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1709.100960"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2008.148"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/510585"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005838"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0545"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2512-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0784-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1202.050967"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","first-page":"514","article-title":"Serological evidence for the presence of rickettsial infections in parts of Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Emejuaiwe SO","year":"1978","unstructured":"Emejuaiwe SO, , Njoku-Obi AN. Serological evidence for the presence of rickettsial infections in parts of Nigeria. Niger Med J, 1978; 8:514\u2013517.","journal-title":"Niger Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/516990"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","first-page":"535","article-title":"Les rickettsioses en Afrique \u00e9quatoriale","volume":"4","author":"Giroud P","year":"1951","unstructured":"Giroud P. Les rickettsioses en Afrique \u00e9quatoriale. Bull World Health Organ, 1951; 4:535\u2013546.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"The prevalence of Rickettsia orientalis antibodies among natives and asiatics living in Ruanda-Urundi. (Belgian Congo)","volume":"44","author":"Giroud P","year":"1951","unstructured":"Giroud P, , Jadin J. The prevalence of Rickettsia orientalis antibodies among natives and asiatics living in Ruanda-Urundi. (Belgian Congo). Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales, 1951; 44:50\u201351.","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0775"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01526-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004723"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004161"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/596576"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2308.170050"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2205.150953"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01964418"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0064"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.837"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trx017"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1995.tb00073.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed3030074"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","article-title":"A systematic review of mortality from untreated scrub typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi)","volume":"9","author":"Taylor AJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Taylor AJ, , Paris DH, , Newton PN. 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