{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:54:45Z","timestamp":1777877685226,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]],"date-time":"2019-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    There is a paucity of data on human exposure to tick-borne pathogens in the western United States. This study reports prevalence of antibodies against three clinically important tick-borne pathogens (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.) among 249 people in five counties in northern California. Individuals from Humboldt County were recruited and answered a questionnaire to assess risk of exposure to tick-borne pathogens. Samples from other counties were obtained from a blood bank and were anonymized. Seventeen (6.8%) samples were seropositive for antibodies against at least one pathogen: five for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , eight for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and four for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. Women and people aged 26\u201335 had higher seroprevalence compared to other demographic groups. Santa Cruz County had no seropositive individuals, northern Central Valley counties had three seropositive individuals (all against\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), and Humboldt County had 14 (all three pathogens), a significant, four-fold elevated risk of exposure. The Humboldt County questionnaire revealed that a bird feeder in the yard was statistically associated with exposure to ticks, and lifetime number of tick bites was associated with increasing age, time watching wildlife, and time hiking. Three-quarters of respondents were concerned about tick-associated disease, 81.0% reported experiencing tick bites, and 39.0% of those bitten reported a tick-borne disease symptom, including skin lesions (76.4%), muscle aches (49.1%), joint pain (25.5%), or fever (23.6%). Despite high levels of concern, many individuals who had been bitten by a tick were not tested for a tick-borne pathogen, including those with consistent symptoms. We highlight the need for further research and dissemination of information to residents and physicians in Northern California regarding tick-associated disease, so that appropriate medical attention can be rapidly sought and administered.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T14:14:31Z","timestamp":1562854471000},"page":"871-878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Human Seroprevalence of Tick-Borne\n                    <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/i>\n                    ,\n                    <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n                    , and\n                    <i>Rickettsia<\/i>\n                    Species in Northern California"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Emily L.","family":"Pascoe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Stephenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Abigana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deana","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California."},{"name":"Wildlife Investigations Laboratory, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Rancho Cordova, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mourad","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integral Ecology Research Center, Blue Lake, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greta","family":"Wengert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integral Ecology Research Center, Blue Lake, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Higley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Department, Hoopa Tribal Forestry, Hoopa, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evan M.","family":"Bloch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Transfusion Medicine, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet E.","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/153036602321653815"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of tickborne rickettsial diseases: Rocky Mountain spotted fever, ehrlichioses, and anaplasmosis-United States","volume":"55","author":"Bakken JS","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bakken JS, , Folk SM, , Paddock CD, , Bloch KC, et al. 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