{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:54:44Z","timestamp":1777877684331,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580428800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"\n Babesia microti<\/jats:italic>\n can lead to severe babesiosis in immunosuppressed populations, but due to high numbers of asymptomatic cases, clinical reporting is unable to define its geographic distribution. Although Lyme disease caused by\n Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n is endemic throughout Pennsylvania (PA), human babesiosis is under recognized, despite sharing the same vector and primary reservoir host.\n Ixodes<\/jats:italic>\n ticks are known to carry\n B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n throughout PA, but information about pathogen prevalence in small mammal reservoirs remains limited. Characterizing\n B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n prevalence in these small mammals can elucidate mechanisms of pathogen spread and define geographic areas where humans are at risk of infection. We tested 692 small mammals across eight contiguous counties in central PA for molecular evidence of\n B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n and\n B. burgdorferi.<\/jats:italic>\n In total, six different small mammal species were collected. The overall prevalence of\n B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n was 32% with similar rates observed across all counties. Surprisingly, this was higher than the prevalence of\n B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n at 21%. In fact, high rates of\n B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n were found in all six species, and both pathogens were identified in 11% of mammals tested. The prevalence of\n B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n was highest in\n Myodes gapperi<\/jats:italic>\n (southern red-backed vole) at 39% despite\n Peromyscus leucopus<\/jats:italic>\n (white-footed mouse) being considered the primary reservoir host for\n B. microti.<\/jats:italic>\n In conclusion,\n B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n has a high prevalence across multiple small mammal species throughout central PA. This prevalence is greater than\n B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n despite a much higher incidence of Lyme disease compared to babesiosis in PA. Although it remains unknown how the prevalence of\n B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n in small mammal hosts corresponds to human infection rates, the high pathogen prevalence of\n B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n suggests that it is an emerging pathogen in this area. Currently, babesiosis is not a reportable disease in PA, and additional studies are warranted to evaluate its clinical significance in this geographic region.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,21]],"date-time":"2019-11-21T11:04:06Z","timestamp":1574334246000},"page":"151-154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Higher Prevalence of\n Babesia microti<\/i>\n than\n Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n in Small Mammal Species in Central Pennsylvania, United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Joseph M.","family":"Rocco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Regan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffery L.","family":"Larkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlie","family":"Eichelberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Pennsylvania Conservancy, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Wisgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Pennsylvania Conservancy, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"Nealen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vida R.","family":"Irani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Pennsylvania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.23.1.135-137.1986"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.53.4.892-894.1987"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.12.2779-2783.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System 2016 Annual Tables of Infectious Disease Data. Atlanta GA: CDC Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance 2017. Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nndss\/infectious-tables.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1302\/130644"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","article-title":"Severe Babesia microti infection in an immunocompetent host in Pennsylvania","volume":"4","author":"Genda J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Genda J, , Negron EA, , Lotfipour M, , Balabhadra S, et al. Severe Babesia microti infection in an immunocompetent host in Pennsylvania. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep, 2016; 4:2324709616663774.","journal-title":"J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.769166"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv037"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15226\/sojmid\/4\/3\/00157"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/587131"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/525852"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199807163390304"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2108.141878"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.355"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107387"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","first-page":"681","article-title":"Short-tailed shrews as reservoirs of the agents of Lyme disease and human babesiosis","author":"Telford SR","year":"1990","unstructured":"Telford SR3rd, , Mather TN, , Adler GH, , Spielman A. Short-tailed shrews as reservoirs of the agents of Lyme disease and human babesiosis. J Parasitol, 1990; 681\u2013683.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2008.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2012.11.003"}],"container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/vbz.2019.2493","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2019.2493","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2019.2493","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:59:04Z","timestamp":1777589944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/vbz.2019.2493"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/vbz.2019.2493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2019.2493","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-3667","1557-7759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-3667","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7759","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]}}}