{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:54:49Z","timestamp":1777877689502,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]],"date-time":"2020-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    transmits a group of pathogens, including\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Babesia microti<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the causative agents for Lyme disease, babesiosis, and anaplasmosis, respectively.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ticks submitted by state residents to the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station-Tick Testing Laboratory between 2015 and 2018 were screened using standard PCR and pathogen-specific primers. Infection and coinfection prevalence in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was estimated to assess differences in infection status by life stage (nymph or adult female), county, and year, as well as whether infection with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    changes the likelihood of infection with either\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Of the 11,254\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    acquired in Connecticut, 40.7% tested positive for at least one pathogen and the remaining 59.3% were negative. Most\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ticks tested positive for a single pathogen (33.6%), and only 7.2% were infected with more than one pathogen, of which 93.2% were identified with dual infection and 6.8% tested positive for all three pathogens. Adults were more likely than nymphs to be infected or coinfected with these pathogens. Furthermore, we found that ticks were 74% more likely to be infected with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. microti<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 98% more likely to be infected with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A. phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    if infected with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    compared with those not infected. We did not find spatial differences in infection or coinfection prevalence, but between 2015 and 2018, the likelihood that a tick was coinfected increased with time. These results from Connecticut, an endemic state for Lyme disease with long-established populations of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , suggest that the increased likelihood of coinfection prevalence over time may have significant implications for clinical diagnosis, course, severity, and treatment of human disease cases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T10:19:30Z","timestamp":1570097970000},"page":"177-186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Passive Tick Surveillance: Exploring Spatiotemporal Associations of\n                    <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n                    (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae),\n                    <i>Babesia microti<\/i>\n                    (Piroplasmida: Babesiidae), and\n                    <i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/i>\n                    (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) Infection in\n                    <i>Ixodes scapularis<\/i>\n                    (Acari: Ixodidae)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Eliza A.H.","family":"Little","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut."},{"name":"Center for Vector Biology &amp; Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Goudarz","family":"Molaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector Biology &amp; Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut."},{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut."},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1475"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.12.2779-2783.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/173.2.403"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/153036602321653851"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7043737"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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