{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:55:28Z","timestamp":1777877728956,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The blacklegged tick,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ixodes scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , can acquire and transmit tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) responsible for diseases such as human granulocytic anaplasmosis (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Anaplasma phagocytophilum<\/jats:italic>\n                    [ANPH]), babesiosis (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Babesia microti<\/jats:italic>\n                    [BABE]), Lyme borreliosis (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia burgdorferi sensu<\/jats:italic>\n                    lato [BBSL]), and the relatively novel relapsing fever-like illness,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia miyamotoi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (BMIY) disease in the northeastern United States. Coinfections with these pathogens are becoming increasingly more common in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and their hosts, likely attributed to their shared enzootic cycles. Urban habitats are favorable to host species such as white-tailed deer (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Odocoileus virginianus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and these ungulates are known to be important to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    for reproduction and dispersal in North America. To understand the relationship between TBPs, white-tailed deer, and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , we sampled eight sites across central Maryland collecting\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    using standard tick dragging\/flagging methods and retrieved others from deer carcasses. Pathogenic TBP species in each tick were determined using qPCR. In total, 903 adult ticks (deer:\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009573; questing:\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009330) revealed landscape-level prevalence of ANPH (27.8%), BABE (1.3%), BBSL (14.6%), and BMIY (0.8%) as singular infections overall. However, secondary coinfections of ANPH and BBSL were highest (9.9%) in ticks feeding from deer while associations of BBSL and BABE (4.2%) were highest in questing ticks. Results from this study provide evidence suggesting that adult\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. scapularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    acquire pathogenic species through phenologically associated host use, and thus, subsequent infections found in adults may provide insights into coinfection relationships.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T17:19:59Z","timestamp":1607966399000},"page":"86-91","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Pathogen Coinfections Harbored by Adult\n                    <i>Ixodes scapularis<\/i>\n                    from White-Tailed Deer Compared with Questing Adults Across Sites in Maryland, USA"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Matthew T.","family":"Milholland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Invasive Insect Biocontrol &amp; Behavior Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA."},{"name":"AGNR-Environmental Science &amp; Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts\u2014Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts\u2014Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erika T.","family":"Machtinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Mullinax","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AGNR-Environmental Science &amp; Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew Y.","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Invasive Insect Biocontrol &amp; Behavior Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1613422114"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00236"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2017.12.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","unstructured":"Campbell TA VerCauteren KC. Diseases and parasites [of white-tailed deer]. USDA National Wildlife Research Center\u2014Staff Puplications. Paper 1388 2011. Available at digitalcommons.unl.edu\/icwdm_usdanwrc\/1388"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12448"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Available at https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ticks\/resources\/TickSurveillance_Iscapularis-P.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1560\/IJEE.56.3-4.417"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"The genera Boophilus, Rhiphicephalus, and Haemaphysalis (Ixodidae) of the New World. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC","author":"Cooley RA.","year":"1946","unstructured":"Cooley RA. The genera Boophilus, Rhiphicephalus, and Haemaphysalis (Ixodidae) of the New World. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC. 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