{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:55:34Z","timestamp":1777877734691,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study was conducted to assess the presence of West Nile virus (WNV) in Kosovo by serological testing of apparently healthy local horses and free-range chicken, and it attempted to detect viral nucleic acid in birds and mosquitoes. Between January 2018 and June 2019, 260 equine serum samples were collected, additionally 580 adult mosquitoes (53 pools) were grouped in for genera, including\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (226 individuals; 26 pools),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (136 individuals; 16 pools),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Anopheles<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (184 individuals; 7 pools), and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Culiseta<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (34 individuals; 4 pools). Fifty domestic birds and 51 wild birds were collected from different regions of Kosovo. Equine and domestic bird serum samples were tested by flavivirus IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while mosquitoes and bird viscera were tested for WNV RNA by RT-qPCR. All ELISA-positive results were confirmed by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) and eight by virus neutralization test. WNV antibodies were present in 27 out of 260 equine sera (10.38%) and one out of 50 samples in domestic birds by ELISA and PRNT. Eight of 27 positive equine serum samples with high titer neutralized WNV, but not Usutu virus. No WNV RNA was detected in birds or mosquitoes. The occurrence of WNV antibodies in local equines from all regions of Kosovo indicates that the virus is circulating within the country. Public health authorities should therefore plan a risk assessment and disease control program.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,22]],"date-time":"2020-10-22T10:25:50Z","timestamp":1603362350000},"page":"116-120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["First Serological Evidence of West Nile Virus Among Equines and Birds in Kosovo, 2018\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Agim","family":"Rexhepi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina \u201cHasan Prishtina,\u201d Prishtina, Kosovo."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kurtesh","family":"Sherifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina \u201cHasan Prishtina,\u201d Prishtina, Kosovo."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristaq","family":"Berxholi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agriculture University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Betim","family":"Xhekaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina \u201cHasan Prishtina,\u201d Prishtina, Kosovo."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nesade","family":"Muja-Bajraktari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Prishtina \u201cHasan Prishtina,\u201d Prishtina, Kosovo."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aykut","family":"\u00d6zkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"von Possel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Emmerich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany."},{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","first-page":"277","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies against some neurotropic viruses determined in human sera in Albania","volume":"3","author":"Bardos V","year":"1959","unstructured":"Bardos V, , Adamcova J, , Dedei S, , Gjini N, et al. Neutralizing antibodies against some neurotropic viruses determined in human sera in Albania. J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol, 1959; 3:277\u2013282.","journal-title":"J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12141"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Epidemiology of West Nile in Europe and in the Mediterranean basin","volume":"4","author":"Calistri P","year":"2010","unstructured":"Calistri P, , Giovannini A, , Hubalek Z, , Ionescu A, et al. Epidemiology of West Nile in Europe and in the Mediterranean basin. Open Virol J, 2010; 4:29\u201337.","journal-title":"Open Virol J"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00368-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.16.34.19951-en"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","unstructured":"Dreshaj S Jakupi X Sherifi K Gjikolli B et al. 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