{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:55:36Z","timestamp":1777877736093,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]],"date-time":"2021-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The plague bacterium,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , is a generalist pathogen of flea (Siphonaptera) vectors and mammalian hosts. In colonies of prairie dogs (PDs,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cynomys<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    causes occasional epizootics, killing \u226590% of PDs within weeks to several months. We evaluated the effectiveness of deltamethrin, a pyrethroid insecticide, as a tool for preventing plague epizootics among three PD species. Specifically, we studied PD population growth on paired plots treated with deltamethrin for flea control or left untreated as baselines. We also evaluated PD population growth relative to flea abundance and PD density. All epizootics occurred on nontreated plots. Epizootics occurred on plots with very low PD densities as well as high densities. Mean population change, assessed by comparing visual counts of PDs in years before and during epizootics, was +88% for treated plots and \u221297% for nontreated plots. For comparison, an experimental oral vaccine against plague had an average change in population index or estimate during epizootics of \u221269% on vaccine plots compared with \u221283% for associated nontreated (placebo) plots. In our study and on plots not treated with deltamethrin, PD population growth was negatively correlated with flea abundance in the year before the epizootic, lending support to the hypothesis that flea abundance plays a critical role in plague transmission under natural conditions. Generally speaking, deltamethrin is a highly effective tool for plague management on PD colonies. That said, continued study is needed to refine deltamethrin treatments and to develop a more integrated strategy for plague management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,22]],"date-time":"2021-01-22T16:05:47Z","timestamp":1611331547000},"page":"172-178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Epizootic Plague in Prairie Dogs: Correlates and Control with Deltamethrin"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Dean E.","family":"Biggins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerry L.","family":"Godbey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Eads","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","volume-title":"Management of Prairie Dog Complexes for the Reintroduction of the Black-Footed Ferret","author":"Barnes AM","year":"1993","unstructured":"Barnes AM. A review of plague and its relevance to prairie dog populations and the black-footed ferret. In: Oldemeyer JL, , Biggins DE, , Miller BJ, , Crete R, eds. Management of Prairie Dog Complexes for the Reintroduction of the Black-Footed Ferret. Washington, DC: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Report 1993; 13:28\u201337."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00075"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","article-title":"Data on prairie dog densities and movements, and flea densities, at colonies treated or not treated with deltamethrin, Montana and Utah, USA, 2000\u20132005. U.S","author":"Biggins DE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Biggins DE, , Eads DA. Data on prairie dog densities and movements, and flea densities, at colonies treated or not treated with deltamethrin, Montana and Utah, USA, 2000\u20132005. U.S. Geological Survey data release, Reston, Virginia,, 2021; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/P99IBB3N.","journal-title":"Geological Survey data release, Reston, Virginia,"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0049"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1542(2001)082<0906:IOIPON>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","first-page":"94","article-title":"Estimating the abundance of prairie dogs. In: Hoogland JL, ed","author":"Biggins DE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Biggins DE, , Sidle JG, , Seery DB, , Ernst AE. Estimating the abundance of prairie dogs. In: Hoogland JL, ed. Conservation of the Black-Tailed Prairie Dog: Washington, DC: Island Press,, 2006:94\u2013107.","journal-title":"Conservation of the Black-Tailed Prairie Dog: Washington, DC: Island Press,"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","first-page":"307","article-title":"Evaluation of oral sylvatic plague vaccine in white-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys leucurus): 2013\u20132016 comprehensive report. In: Orabona AC, ed. Threatened, Endangered, and Nongame Bird and Mammal Investigations. Wyoming Game and Fish Department Annual Completion Report, 15 April 2016\u201314 April 2017","author":"Boulerice J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boulerice J. Evaluation of oral sylvatic plague vaccine in white-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys leucurus): 2013\u20132016 comprehensive report. In: Orabona AC, ed. Threatened, Endangered, and Nongame Bird and Mammal Investigations. Wyoming Game and Fish Department Annual Completion Report, 15 April 2016\u201314 April 2017. Cheyenne, Wyoming,, 2017:307\u2013325.","journal-title":"Cheyenne, Wyoming,"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0044"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2018-05-133"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-005-4617-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2019-08-201"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12327"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2339"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-10-250"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz248"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0403"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","first-page":"94","article-title":"Comparison of capture-recapture and visual count indices of prairie dog densities in black-footed ferret habitat","volume":"8","author":"Fagerstone KA","year":"1986","unstructured":"Fagerstone KA, , Biggins DE. Comparison of capture-recapture and visual count indices of prairie dog densities in black-footed ferret habitat. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs, 1986; 8:94\u201398.","journal-title":"Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.50.071803.130337"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","unstructured":"Griebel RL. Conata Basin\/Badlands area 2011 plague management report. Nebraska National Forest Buffalo Gap National Grassland Wall Ranger District Wall South Dakota 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-006-9226-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","volume-title":"The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal","author":"Hoogland JL","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hoogland JL. The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1995."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1231689"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-04-089"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1894\/0038-4909(2004)049<0376:PKFAHP>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-011-0275-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2219"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6433a6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/429931"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","article-title":"Current perspectives on plague vector control in Madagascar: Susceptibility status of Xenopsylla cheopis to 12 insecticides. PLoS Neglect. Trop","volume":"10","author":"Miarinjara A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Miarinjara A, , Boyer S. Current perspectives on plague vector control in Madagascar: Susceptibility status of Xenopsylla cheopis to 12 insecticides. PLoS Neglect. Trop. Dis. 2016; 10:e0004414.","journal-title":"Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0053"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/280455a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","first-page":"290","article-title":"Visual counts as an index of white-tailed prairie dog population density","volume":"18","author":"Menkens G","year":"1990","unstructured":"Menkens G, , Biggins D, , Anderson S. Visual counts as an index of white-tailed prairie dog population density. Wildl Soc Bull, 1990; 18:290\u2013296.","journal-title":"Wildl Soc Bull"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-017-1253-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.5.718"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/10-MAMM-F-355.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","volume-title":"Wildlife Demography: Analysis of Sex, Age, and Count Data","author":"Skalski JR","year":"2010","unstructured":"Skalski JR, , Ryding KE, , Millspaugh J. Wildlife Demography: Analysis of Sex, Age, and Count Data. New York: Elsevier, 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118457"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0194"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-017-1236-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2015-10-290"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"A review of plague persistence with special emphasis on fleas","volume":"46","author":"Wimsatt J","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wimsatt J, , Biggins DE. A review of plague persistence with special emphasis on fleas. J Vector Borne Dis, 2009; 46:85\u201399.","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"}],"container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/vbz.2020.2684","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2020.2684","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2020.2684","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:00:24Z","timestamp":1777590024000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/vbz.2020.2684"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/vbz.2020.2684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2020.2684","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-3667","1557-7759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-3667","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7759","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,24]]}}}