{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T13:23:23Z","timestamp":1790601803012,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Surveillance of U.S. domestic dogs for exposure to vector-borne pathogens can identify regions of transmission that are relevant for human and animal health. Working dogs with high levels of outdoor exposure may be sensitive indicators of local risk, owing to increased contact with vectors. We randomly selected 476 high-value government working dogs from 40 states to determine the prevalence of infection with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Dirofilaria immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., and exposure to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and identify risk factors for positivity. Additionally, we tested 100 of these dogs from Texas for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. where sand fly vectors occur. Previously published\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trypanosoma cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection data on these dogs were used to identify coinfection or co-exposures. Infection prevalence was 0.84% for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">D. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and all dogs were negative for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. DNA. Seroprevalence of each pathogen was:\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                    0.84%,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. 1.3%,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. 1.5%,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. 2.0%, and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                    12.2%. Coinfection or co-exposure took place in four (0.84%) dogs. In bivariable analysis, we found that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">D. immitis<\/jats:italic>\n                    -positive and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Ehrlichia<\/jats:italic>\n                    -seropositive dogs were significantly older than negative dogs (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Furthermore, seroprevalence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Anaplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. was significantly higher among dogs in the Northeast United States relative to other areas of the country (4.7% vs. \u22641.4%;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.041). Although autochthonous\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections have been described in the United States, the cases reported herein may represent imported\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection. Most federal working dogs are bred in Europe, where the parasite is endemic and congenitally transmitted. Serological cross-reaction between\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. cruzi<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. complicates diagnosis. In this study, the use of multiple testing strategies in a comparative complementary manner provided evidence for these dogs' true exposures. Comprehensive surveillance for vector-borne pathogens in dogs can improve clinician awareness and target prevention and treatment in a One Health manner.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2725","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,19]],"date-time":"2021-02-19T00:01:16Z","timestamp":1613692876000},"page":"358-368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Epidemiology of Vector-Borne Pathogens Among U.S. Government Working Dogs"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Alyssa C.","family":"Meyers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Auckland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah F.","family":"Meyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&amp;M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Kontowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno L.","family":"Travi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases) and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of Workforce Health and Safety, Department of Homeland Security, Office of the Chief Human Capital Officer, Washington, District of Columbia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Hamer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946201860073"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12040"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1993.202.03.416"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2009.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0236"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/153036602321653851"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00005-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00023-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/605091"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.093"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.2.775"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1998.11813327"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2016.0463"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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