{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T18:34:58Z","timestamp":1788287698951,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Recently, infections with emerging zoonotic bacteria of the genus\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    have been reported in association with a range of central nervous system (CNS) symptoms. Currently, it remains unknown if\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. infection is associated with symptoms of schizophrenia\/schizoaffective disorder (SCZ\/SAD). The objective of this study was to determine if there is an association between\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species infection and SCZ\/SAD. A secondary objective was to determine if SCZ\/SAD symptoms were more severe among participants with documented\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. infection. Using a case\u2013control study design, 17 cases and 13 controls were evaluated with a series of clinical and cognitive assessments. Blood samples were collected and tested for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. infection using serological, microbiological, and molecular techniques. People with SCZ\/SAD were more likely than healthy volunteers to have\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. DNA in their bloodstream, with 11 of 17 cases (65%) positive by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). In comparison, only one healthy volunteer was\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. ddPCR positive (8%,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0024). Based on serology,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. exposure was common among people with SCZ\/SAD (12 of 17) as well as among healthy volunteers (12 of 13), with no significant difference between the groups (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.196). Within the case group of people with SCZ\/SAD, there was no significant difference in SCZ\/SAD severity scores between people with and without ddPCR evidence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. infection. This pilot study provides preliminary evidence in support of future investigations that should examine a potential contribution of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bartonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. infection to SCZ\/SAD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T11:36:42Z","timestamp":1615981002000},"page":"413-421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Schizophrenia and\n                    <i>Bartonella<\/i>\n                    spp. Infection: A Pilot Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Erin","family":"Lashnits","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Jarskog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Breitschwerdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Medicine Institute, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavio","family":"Frohlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Carolina Center for Neurostimulation and Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Department of Neurology and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1179573519832014"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1306.061337"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00326-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-29"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00832-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2353"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00833-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4303\/jnp\/235640"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901213400303"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_1","volume-title":"Trench Fever, a Louse-Borne Disease","author":"Byam W","year":"1867","unstructured":"Byam W, , Carroll JH, , Churchill JH, et al. 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