{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:12:17Z","timestamp":1790889137123,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Trypanosomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoa\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      . It is exclusively associated with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Glossina<\/jats:italic>\n                      species habitats and, therefore, restricted to specific geographical settings. It affects a wide range of hosts, including humans. Animals may carry different\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. while being asymptomatic. They are, therefore, potentially important in unpremeditated disease transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The aim of this study was to study the potential impact of the government tsetse fly control program, and to elucidate the role of pigs in the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      epidemiology in the West Nile region in Uganda.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A historically important human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) hotspot was selected, with sampling in sites with and without a government tsetse fly control program. Pigs were screened for infection with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      and tsetse traps were deployed to monitor vector occurrence, followed by tsetse fly dissection and microscopy to establish infection rates with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Pig blood samples were further analyzed to identify possible\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections using internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-PCR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using microscopy,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      was detected in 0.56% (7\/1262) of the sampled pigs. Using ITS-PCR, 114 of 341 (33.4%) pig samples were shown to be\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trypanosoma vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      positive. Of the 360 dissected tsetse flies, 13 (3.8%) were positive for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      under the microscope. The difference in captured tsetse flies in the government intervention sites in comparison with the control sites was significant (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Seasonality did not play a substantial role in the tsetse fly density (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study illustrated the impact of a government control program with low vector abundance in a historical HAT hotspot in Uganda. The study could not verify that pigs in the area were carriers for the causative agent for HAT, but showed a high prevalence of the animal infectious agent\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. vivax<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2744","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T09:12:25Z","timestamp":1645089145000},"page":"101-107","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Seasonal Monitoring of\n                    <i>Glossina<\/i>\n                    Species Occurrence, Infection Rates, and\n                    <i>Trypanosoma<\/i>\n                    Species Infections in Pigs in West Nile Region, Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sadiya","family":"Maxamhud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1175-0398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna F.","family":"Lindahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden."},{"name":"Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Uppsala, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Mugenyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinating Office for Control of Trypanosomiasis in Uganda, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Makerere, Uganda."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Echodu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Waiswa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinating Office for Control of Trypanosomiasis in Uganda, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Makerere, Uganda."},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Clinical and Comparative Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Roesel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya."},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Berlin, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1012-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03597-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","first-page":"223","article-title":"Sleeping sickness in Uganda: revisiting current and historical distributions","volume":"6","author":"Berrang-Ford L","year":"2006","unstructured":"Berrang-Ford L, , Odiit M, , Maiso F, , Waltner-Toews D, et al. 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