{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T10:06:37Z","timestamp":1783418797889,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Scientists collect fleas (Siphonaptera) to survey for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the bacterial agent of plague. When studying fleas parasitizing prairie dogs (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cynomys<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.), two primary methods are used: (1) combing fleas from live-trapped prairie dogs and (2) swabbing fleas from burrows with cloth swabs attached to metal cables. Ideally, burrow swabbing, the cheaper and easier method, would explain flea burdens on prairie dogs and provide reliable information on plague prevalence. In a linear regression analysis of data from 1-month intervals (June\u2013August 2010\u20132011) on 13 colonies of black-tailed prairie dogs (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cynomys ludovicianus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , BTPDs) in New Mexico, flea abundance on swabs explained 0\u201326% of variation in BTPD flea burdens. In an analysis of data (May\u2013August 2016) from six colonies of BTPDs in Montana, flea abundance on swabs explained 2% of variation in BTPD flea burdens. In an analysis of data from a short-term interval (July 23\u201327, 2019) on four colonies of BTPDs in Montana, flea abundance on swabs explained 0.1% of variation in BTPD flea burdens. In an analysis of data from 1-week intervals (August\u2013October 2000) on four colonies of white-tailed prairie dogs (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cynomys leucurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , WTPD) in Utah, swabbing data explained 0.1% of variation in WTPD flea burdens. Pools of fleas from two WTPD colonies were tested for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    by mouse inoculation and isolation; 65% from WTPDs tested positive, whereas 4% from burrows tested positive. Data herein also show that results from burrow swabbing can misrepresent flea species composition and phenology on prairie dogs. Burrow swabbing is useful for some purposes, but limitations should be acknowledged, and accumulated data should be interpreted with caution.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2021.0025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T17:10:10Z","timestamp":1628874610000},"page":"753-761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Comparison of Flea Sampling Methods and\n                    <i>Yersinia pestis<\/i>\n                    Detection on Prairie Dog Colonies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4247-017X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Eads","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc R.","family":"Matchett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge, Lewistown, Montana, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia E.","family":"Poje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean E.","family":"Biggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-005-5220-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","first-page":"409","article-title":"The conservation of plague in inveterate foci","volume":"8","author":"Baltazard M.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Baltazard M. The conservation of plague in inveterate foci. 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In: Oldemeyer JL, Biggins DE, Miller BJ and Crete R, eds. Management of Prairie Dog Complexes for the Reintroduction of the Black-footed Ferret. Dept. Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Biological Report 13, U.S. Department of Interior, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1993; 96 pp.","journal-title":"Management of Prairie Dog Complexes for the Reintroduction of the Black-footed Ferret"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Biggins DE Eads DA. Prairie dogs persistent plague flocking fleas and pernicious positive feedback. 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