{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T01:41:54Z","timestamp":1785894114104,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The plague bacterium\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is lethal to endangered black-footed ferrets (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mustela nigripes<\/jats:italic>\n                    , BFF) and the prairie dogs (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cynomys<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., PD) on which they depend for habitat and prey. We assessed the effectiveness of an oral sylvatic plague vaccine delivered in baits to black-tailed PD (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cynomys ludovicianus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , BTPD) from 2013 to 2017 on the Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Refuge (CMR) in northcentral Montana. We permanently marked BTPD on four paired vaccine (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091,349 individuals) and placebo plots (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009926; 7,027 total captures). We analyzed capture\u2013recapture data under a Cormack\u2013Jolly\u2013Seber model to estimate annual apparent survival. Overall, survival averaged 0.05 lower on vaccine plots than on paired placebo plots. Immediately before noticeable die-offs and detecting plague on pairs CMR1 and CMR2, 89% of BTPD sampled on vaccine plots had consumed at least one bait and the immune systems (pleural) of 40% were likely boosted by consuming baits over multiple years. Survival to the following year was 0.16 and 0.05 on the vaccine plots and 0.19 and 0.06 on the placebo plots for pairs CMR1 and CMR2, respectively. These rates were markedly lower than 0.63, the overall average estimate on those same plots during the previous 3 years. PD populations subjected to such large die-offs would not be expected to sustain a BFF population. An overriding limitation to achieving sufficient protection rests with vaccine delivery constraints. Late summer\/fall bait distribution results in the highest bait uptake rates. However, the PD birth pulse each spring can double the size of populations in most years, greatly reducing the proportion of vaccinates in populations and diminishing potential herd immunity benefits. In addition to nonvaccinated juveniles and PD that do not consume bait, incomplete vaccine protection and time required for immunity to develop leaves a large majority of PD populations vulnerable to plague for 6\u20137 months or more each year.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2021.0049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,10]],"date-time":"2021-11-10T14:31:46Z","timestamp":1636554706000},"page":"921-940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Oral Sylvatic Plague Vaccine Does Not Adequately Protect Prairie Dogs (\n                    <i>Cynomys<\/i>\n                    spp.) for Endangered Black-Footed Ferret (\n                    <i>Mustela nigripes<\/i>\n                    ) Conservation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Marc R.","family":"Matchett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Charles M. 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Russell National Wildlife Refuge, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Lewistown, Montana, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4247-017X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Eads","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse T.","family":"Boulerice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, Wyoming, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean E.","family":"Biggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-012-0783-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","unstructured":"Abbott RC Richgels KLD Russell RE Rocke TE. 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A review of plague and its relevance to prairie dog populations and the black-footed ferret. In: Oldemeyer JL, , Biggins DE, , Miller BJ, , Crete R, eds. Management of Prairie Dog Complexes for the Reintroduction of the Black-Footed Ferret. Washington, DC: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Report. 1993; 13:28\u201337."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2020.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2765"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00075"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2021.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2684"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0049"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Recovery of the Black-Footed Ferret-Progress and Continuing Challenges. 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