{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T01:09:54Z","timestamp":1788311394277,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Understanding vector-host interactions is crucial for evaluating the role of mosquito species in enzootic cycling and epidemic\/epizootic transmission of arboviruses, as well as assessing vertebrate host contributions to maintenance and amplification in different virus foci. To investigate blood-feeding pattern of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Culex pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    , engorged mosquitoes were collected on a weekly basis at 50 sites throughout Suffolk, Virginia, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention miniature light traps, BG-Sentinel traps, and modified Reiter gravid traps. Vertebrate hosts of mosquitoes were identified by amplifying and sequencing portions of the mitochondrial\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">cytochrome b<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. Of 281\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    bloodmeals successfully identified to species, 255 (90.7%) contained solely avian blood, 13 (4.6%) mammalian, 1 (0.4%) reptilian, and 12 (4.3%) both avian and mammalian blood. Nineteen avian species were identified as hosts for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    with American robin (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009141, 55.3% of avian hosts) and northern cardinal (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200957, 22.4%) as the most common hosts. More American robin feedings took place in areas of higher development. Three mammalian species were also identified as hosts for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    with Virginia opossum and domestic cat as the most common hosts in this class (each\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096, 46.2% of mammalian hosts). There was no significant seasonal difference in the proportion of bloodmeals obtained from avian hosts, but there was a decrease in the proportion of bloodmeals from mammalian hosts from spring to fall. One engorged specimen of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    with Virginia opossum-derived bloodmeal tested positive for West Nile virus (WNV), and another with black-and-white warbler-derived bloodmeal tested positive for eastern equine encephalitis virus. Our findings, in conjunction with the results of vector competence studies and virus isolation from field-collected mosquitoes, lend additional support that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cx. pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    serves as the principal enzootic vector and potential epizootic\/epidemic vector of WNV in southeastern Virginia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2021.0069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,19]],"date-time":"2021-10-19T16:58:20Z","timestamp":1634662700000},"page":"961-972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Host Associations of\n                    <i>Culex pipiens<\/i>\n                    : A Two-Year Analysis of Bloodmeal Sources and Implications for Arboviral Transmission in Southeastern Virginia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Noelle","family":"Khalil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."},{"name":"Center for Vector Biology &amp; Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliza A.H.","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Vector Biology &amp; Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."},{"name":"Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen I.","family":"Akaratovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suffolk Mosquito Control, Department of Public Works, Suffolk, Virginia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay P.","family":"Kiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suffolk Mosquito Control, Department of Public Works, Suffolk, Virginia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles F.","family":"Abadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Suffolk Mosquito Control, Department of Public Works, Suffolk, Virginia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen J.","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Misencik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."},{"name":"Center for Vector Biology &amp; Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip M.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."},{"name":"Center for Vector Biology &amp; Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Goudarz","family":"Molaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."},{"name":"Center for Vector Biology &amp; Zoonotic Diseases, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/34.2.95"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.112"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.5.1010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2987\/8756-971X-28.4s.137"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2004.4.360"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/153036604773083013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1957.6.153"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.173"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017415"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2013-11-295"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15020389"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-7-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2016.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arm043"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2005.5.288"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.2.177"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","unstructured":"eBird. 2021. eBird: An online database of bird distribution and abundance [web application]. eBird Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca New York. 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