{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T10:32:57Z","timestamp":1788517977460,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Outbreaks of African filoviruses often have high mortality, including more than 11,000 deaths among 28,562 cases during the West Africa Ebola outbreak of 2014\u20132016. Numerous studies have investigated the factors that contributed to individual filovirus outbreaks, but there has been little quantitative synthesis of this work. In addition, the ways in which the typical causes of filovirus outbreaks differ from other zoonoses remain poorly described. In this study, we quantify factors associated with 45 outbreaks of African filoviruses (ebolaviruses and Marburg virus) using a rubric of 48 candidate causal drivers. For filovirus outbreaks, we reviewed &gt;700 peer-reviewed and gray literature sources and developed a list of the factors reported to contribute to each outbreak (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">i.e.<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a \u201cdriver profile\u201d for each outbreak). We compare and contrast the profiles of filovirus outbreaks to 200 background outbreaks, randomly selected from a global database of 4463 outbreaks of bacterial and viral zoonotic diseases. We also test whether the quantitative patterns that we observed were robust to the influences of six covariates, country-level factors such as gross domestic product, population density, and latitude that have been shown to bias global outbreak data. We find that, regardless of whether covariates are included or excluded from models, the driver profile of filovirus outbreaks differs from that of background outbreaks. Socioeconomic factors such as trade and travel, wild game consumption, failures of medical procedures, and deficiencies in human health infrastructure were more frequently reported in filovirus outbreaks than in the comparison group. Based on our results, we also present a review of drivers reported in at least 10% of filovirus outbreaks, with examples of each provided.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2022.0020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T16:55:16Z","timestamp":1662742516000},"page":"478-490","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Drivers of African Filovirus (Ebola and Marburg) Outbreaks"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1995-5715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Stephens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mekala","family":"Sundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."},{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Gottdenker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."},{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."},{"name":"Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaniz Fatema","family":"Nipa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."},{"name":"Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annakate M.","family":"Schatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."},{"name":"Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Paul","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."},{"name":"Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."},{"name":"Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-anthro-102116-041616"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050948"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003652"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep05824"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002877"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-08-198"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7348"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.su6503a2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_1","unstructured":"Berger S. 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