{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:10:55Z","timestamp":1791486655789,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Crimean\u2013Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic tick-borne disease, caused by an arbovirus of the genus Orthonairovirus and the family Nairoviridae. Crimean\u2013Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is widespread in several regions of the world. While the virus is not pathogenic to all susceptible livestock and wild mammals, it can lead to severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. In this review, we compiled published data on CCHFV infections in humans, animals, and ticks in Tunisia. Based on that, we discussed the epidemiology and the distribution patterns of CCHFV infections highlighting the risk factors for this virus in the country. CCHF infection prevalence in humans was estimated to 2.76% (5\/181) and 5% (2\/38) in Tunisian febrile patients and Tunisian slaughterhouse workers, respectively. Concurrently, seroprevalence in domestic ungulates (sheep, goats, cattle, and dromedaries) ranged from zero to 89.7%, and only one\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Hyalomma impeltatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    tick specimen collected from dromedaries in southern Tunisian was positive for CCHFV by reverse transcriptase\u2013polymerase chain reaction (0.6%; 1\/165). As Tunisian studies on CCHFV are geographically scattered and limited due to very small sample sizes, further studies are needed to improve the knowledge on the epidemiology of CCHF in Tunisia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2023.0079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T14:54:02Z","timestamp":1709909642000},"page":"325-337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Review on Crimean\u2013Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Infections in Tunisia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Syrine","family":"Rekik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Sanitary Regulation, University of Manouba, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Hammami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Sanitary Regulation, University of Manouba, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oumayma","family":"Timoumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Sanitary Regulation, University of Manouba, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhekra","family":"Maghzaoua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Sanitary Regulation, University of Manouba, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1426-4723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e9diha","family":"Khamassi Khbou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Infectious Animal Diseases, Zoonoses, and Sanitary Regulation, University of Manouba, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ansgar","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Insel Riems, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin H.","family":"Groschup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Insel Riems, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Gharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Zoonoses, and Sanitary Regulation, University of Manouba, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Education, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04253-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1660-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.83537"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0553"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TTBDIS.2020.101601"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(95)00880-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Distribution and ecology of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting livestock in Tunisia: An overview of eighth years field collections","volume":"41","author":"Bouattour A","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bouattour A, , Darghouth MA, , Daoud A. Distribution and ecology of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting livestock in Tunisia: An overview of eighth years field collections. Parassitologia, 1999; 41 Suppl 1:5\u201310.","journal-title":"Parassitologia"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). 2013. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vhf\/crimean-congo\/index.html [Last accessed: June28 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","unstructured":"Centre de coop\u00e9ration Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le D\u00e9veloppement (CIRAD). Available from: https:\/\/www.cirad.fr\/espace-presse\/communiques-de-presse\/2023\/fievre-hemorragique-de-crimee-congo-tique-hyalomma-marginatum [Last accessed: October 25 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/164.4.686"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2021.101736"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/AJTMH.1982.31.156"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00064"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","volume-title":"A Guide to Identification of Species","author":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A","year":"2004","unstructured":"Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A, , Bouattour A, , Camicas JL, et al. Ticks of Domestic Animals in the Mediterranean Region. A Guide to Identification of Species. University of Zaragoza: Spain; 2004."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i4891"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gargili A Estrada-Pe\u00f1a A Spengler JR et al. The role of ticks in the maintenance and transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus: A review of published field and laboratory studies. 2017; 144:93\u2013119; doi: 10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.05.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-9062.126410"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4267\/2042\/70868"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2014002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2013012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1993.48.576"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101403"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(96)90468-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1268\/8\/F1000RESEARCH.16189.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04074-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2202.151528"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.597"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030839"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2008.131547"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1812.120718"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0914"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-3843-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11091056"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2592"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2010.01110.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001653"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009384"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040535"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","unstructured":"OEP. L'Office de l'Elevage et Des Paturages\u2014Donn\u00e9es Sectorielles\u20142017\u2014Effectifs Du Cheptel. 2017. Available from: www.oep.nat.tn\/index.php\/fr\/donnees-sectorielles\/40-effectif-s-du-cheptel [Last accessed: February27 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00213"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJID.2023.05.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjy006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-022-02995-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.512"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2020.102275"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PNTD.0009228"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"Contribution to the study of the distribution of tick species parasitic to dromedaries in southern Tunisia","author":"Seddik MM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seddik MM, , Kasser F, , Jedidi M, et al. Contribution to the study of the distribution of tick species parasitic to dromedaries in southern Tunisia. Review of Arid Regions, 2016; 39.","journal-title":"Review of Arid Regions"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003168"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004210"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ANTIVIRAL.2019.104573"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2016010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1270\/3\/r\/11-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.43.557"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","unstructured":"World Organization for Animal Health. One Health Une Seule Sant\u00e9 \u00e0 Pr\u00e9server. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.oie.int\/fr\/ce-que-nous-faisons\/initiatives-mondiales\/une-seule-sante\/ [Last accessed: May27 2021]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1994.50.676"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10060769"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2372-5"}],"container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/vbz.2023.0079","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2023.0079","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2023.0079","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:03:15Z","timestamp":1777590195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/vbz.2023.0079"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/vbz.2023.0079"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2023.0079","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-3667","1557-7759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-3667","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7759","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}}}