{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:09:37Z","timestamp":1790611777843,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Throughout the Americas, Lyssavirus rabies (RV) perpetuates as multiple variants among bat and mesocarnivore species. Interspecific RV spillover occurs on occasion, but clusters and viral host shifts are rare. The spillover and host shift of a big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) RV variant Ef-W1 into mesocarnivores was reported previously on several occasions during 2001\u20132009 in Flagstaff, Arizona, USA, and controlled through rabies vaccination of target wildlife. During autumn 2021, a new cluster of Ef-W1 RV cases infecting striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) was detected from United States Department of Agriculture enhanced rabies surveillance in Flagstaff. The number of Ef-W1 RV spillover cases within a short timeframe suggested the potential for transmission between skunks and an emerging host shift.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Whole and partial RV genomic sequencing was performed to evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of the 2021\u20132023 Ef-W1 cases infecting striped skunks with earlier outbreaks. Additionally, real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR (rtRT-PCR) was used to opportunistically compare viral RNA loads in brain and salivary gland tissues of naturally infected skunks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Genomic RV sequencing revealed that the origin of the 2021\u20132023 epizootic of Ef-W1 RV was distinct from the multiple outbreaks detected from 2001\u20132009. Naturally infected skunks with the Ef-W1 RV showed greater viral RNA loads in the brain, but equivalent viral RNA loads in the mandibular salivary glands, compared to an opportunistic sample of skunks naturally infected with a South-Central skunk RV from northern Colorado, USA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Considering a high risk for onward transmission and spread of the Ef-W1 RV in Flagstaff, public outreach, enhanced rabies surveillance, and control efforts, focused on education, sample characterization, and vaccination, have been ongoing since 2021 to mitigate and prevent the spread and establishment of Ef-W1 RV in mesocarnivores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2023.0126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T05:18:00Z","timestamp":1716355080000},"page":"552-562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Reemergence of a Big Brown Bat\n                    <i>Lyssavirus rabies<\/i>\n                    Variant in Striped Skunks in Flagstaff, Arizona, USA, 2021\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Amy T.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lolita I.","family":"Van Pelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lias A.","family":"Hastings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crystal M.","family":"Gigante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lillian A.","family":"Orciari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Kelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coconino County Health and Human Services, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Fitzpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arizona Department of Health Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rene E. Condori","family":"Condori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Brunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center Rabies Laboratory, Slingerlands, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"April","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center Rabies Laboratory, Slingerlands, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Hopken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara C. P.","family":"Mankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan M.","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles E.","family":"Rupprecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University, College of Forestry, Wildlife, and the Environment, Auburn, Alabama, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Chipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, National Rabies Management Program, Concord, New Hampshire, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Bergman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.75.17.8096-8104.2001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.6.646"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002555"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.191700"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2403126"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_6_7_1","first-page":"363","article-title":"Experimental rabies in skunks: Mechanisms of infection of the salivary glands","volume":"47","author":"Charlton KM","year":"1983","unstructured":"Charlton KM, , Casey GA, , Campbell JB. Experimental rabies in skunks: Mechanisms of infection of the salivary glands. Can J Comp Med, 1983; 47(3):363\u2013369.","journal-title":"Can J Comp Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-9571(87)90033-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-70962-6_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2806.211718"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-32.2.403"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091845"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.2.371"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2018.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v12111255"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2050\/6\/rst.37.2.2808"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818705-0.00009-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112399"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/2018-05-127"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkf436"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002786"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1208.051526"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vex038"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1919176117"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006778117"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21547"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.234.5.616"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3791\/59416"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005822"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.45"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_1","unstructured":"Ronald GP Powell J Raj P et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Protocol for postmortem diagnosis of rabies in animals by direct fluorescent antibody testing: A minimum standard for rabies diagnosis in the United States. Atlanta GA; 2003. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/rabies\/pdf\/rabiesdfaspv2.pdf [Last accessed: April29 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2011.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/zoonoticdis2010001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000549"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60586-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1188836"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-818705-0.00003-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1203456109"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006041"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005258"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12471"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msm088"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msi097"}],"container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/vbz.2023.0126","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2023.0126","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2023.0126","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:03:31Z","timestamp":1777590211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/vbz.2023.0126"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/vbz.2023.0126"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2023.0126","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-3667","1557-7759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-3667","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7759","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}}}