{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T04:59:01Z","timestamp":1780549141520,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States and Canada. The primary vector for the causative agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, in the Pacific Northwest is the western blacklegged tick, Ixodes pacificus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using active tick surveillance data from British Columbia, Canada, and Washington State, USA, habitat suitability models using MaxEnt (maximum entropy) were developed for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. pacificus<\/jats:italic>\n                      to predict its current and mid-century geographic distributions. Passive surveillance data both from BC and WA were also visualized.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      According to the constructed models, the number of frost-free days during the winter is the most relevant predictor of its habitat suitability, followed by summer climate moisture, ecoregion, and mean minimum fall temperature. The ensemble geographic distribution map predicts that the coastal regions and inland valleys of British Columbia and the Puget Lowlands of Washington State provide the most suitable habitats for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. pacificus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The density map of ticks submitted from passive surveillance data was overlaid on the current distribution map and demonstrates the correlation between numbers of submissions and habitat suitability. Mid-century projections, based on current climate change predictions, indicate a range expansion, especially of low and moderate suitability, from current distribution. Regarding Lyme disease risk,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. pacificus<\/jats:italic>\n                      identified from both active and passive surveillance and tested positive for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>\n                      were found to be in areas of moderate to very high suitability for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. pacificus<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      According to developed models, the total suitable habitat area for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. pacificus<\/jats:italic>\n                      will expand in the interior regions of British Columbia and Washington State. However, the risk remains small given relatively low infection rates among\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">I. pacificus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Further studies are required to better understand how this might change in the future.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2024.0025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T04:59:27Z","timestamp":1722574767000},"page":"49-59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Mapping\n                    <i>Ixodes pacificus<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/i>\n                    Habitat Suitability Under Current and Mid-Century Climate in the Pacific Northwest (BC and WA)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Couloigner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Dizon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunny","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9919-1799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Dykstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Olympia, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Morshed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Iwasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Checkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Cork","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","unstructured":"AdaptWest Project. Current and projected climate data for North America (CMIP6 Scenarios Generated Using ClimateNA v7.3) | AdaptWest. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/adaptwest.databasin.org\/pages\/adaptwest-climatena\/ [Last accessed: May24 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_1","volume-title":"Biology of the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus (Cooley and Kohls, 1943): A potential vector of Lyme disease in south coastal British Columbia","author":"Arnason CS","year":"1992","unstructured":"Arnason CS. Biology of the western black-legged tick, Ixodes pacificus (Cooley and Kohls, 1943): A potential vector of Lyme disease in south coastal British Columbia. Simon Fraser University: Burnaby, British Columbia; 1992."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182000069663"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12255"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_1","unstructured":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control. Lyme risk areas in BC. Vancouver BC; 2023. Available from: https:\/\/maps.bccdc.ca\/Lyme\/ [Last accessed: January31 24]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_1","unstructured":"British Columbia Centre for Disease Control. Ticks and tick-borne disease surveillance in British Columbia. Vancouver BC; 2023. Available from: http:\/\/www.bccdc.ca\/Documents\/Ticks_and_Tick-Borne_Disease_Surveillance%20_BC.pdf [Last accessed May22 24]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124104268644"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246484"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/17.1.89"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_1","unstructured":"Commission for Environmental Cooperation. North American Environmental Atlas\u2014CEC. Montreal QC; 2021. Available from: http:\/\/www.cec.org\/north-american-environmental-atlas\/#:\u223c:text=The%20North%20American%20Environmental%20Atlas environmental%20issues%20that%20cross%20boundaries [Last accessed: January31 24]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_1","unstructured":"Copernicus Global Land Service. Fraction of green vegetation cover. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/land.copernicus.eu\/global\/products\/fcover [Last accessed: Nover15 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/zoonoticdis3010004"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00394-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2604.191382"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/13.4-5.501"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2004.0476.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2002.00372.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_6_20_1","first-page":"295","article-title":"The roles of birds, lizards, and rodents as hosts for the western black-legged tick Ixodes pacificus","volume":"29","author":"Eisen L","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eisen L, , Eisen RJ, , Lane RS. The roles of birds, lizards, and rodents as hosts for the western black-legged tick Ixodes pacificus. J Vector Ecol, 2004b;29(2):295\u2013308.","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjv199"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjy060"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_1","unstructured":"Esri. Dot density\u2014ArcGIS Pro | Documentation. Redlands CA; n.d. Available from: https:\/\/pro.arcgis.com\/en\/pro-app\/latest\/help\/mapping\/layer-properties\/dot-density.htm [Last accessed: April25 23]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12153"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_1","unstructured":"Fischer G Nachtergaele F Prieler S et al. Global agro-ecological zones assessment for agriculture (GAEZ 2008). 2008. Available from: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/soils-portal\/data-hub\/soil-maps-and-databases\/harmonized-world-soil-database-v12\/en \/ [Last accessed: November15 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2010.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1474\/5\/ccdr.v43i10a01"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01197925"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1474\/5\/ccdr.v46i10a08"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjab037"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw076"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_1","unstructured":"Hijmans RJ Phillips SJ Leathwick J et al. Dismo: Species Distribution Modeling: R Package Version. 1. 1\u20134. 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.3.549"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0176-6724(86)80103-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/26.4.272"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.415"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1474\/5\/ccdr.v42i10a03"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.10.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1938-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjz253"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.7566"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/033.047.0114"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055377"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2743"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1854"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-3437.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118146"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1948-7134.2010.00026.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2008.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1474\/5\/ccdr.v40i05a02"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2005.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.080148"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2011.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-38.5.684"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aesa\/72.6.829"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244754"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_59_1","volume-title":"R Foundation for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2014","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria; 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/08-2106.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-33.1.40"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1006212323760"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.5654"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156720"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_66_1","unstructured":"Washington State Department of Health. Tick Dashboard | Washington State Department of Health. n.d. Available from: https:\/\/doh.wa.gov\/data-and-statistical-reports\/washington-tracking-network-wtn\/tick-data\/tick-dashboard [Last accessed: May23 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1474\/5\/ccdr.v48i05a04"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/35.6.1044"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2323"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130294"}],"container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/vbz.2024.0025","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2024.0025","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2024.0025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:04:03Z","timestamp":1777590243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/vbz.2024.0025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/vbz.2024.0025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2024.0025","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-3667","1557-7759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-3667","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7759","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}}}