{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:57:36Z","timestamp":1777877856444,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Malaria airs a life-threatening risk in Tropical African countries, stemming from infection by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      species. This region is richly endowed by nature with a wealth of diverse and largely unexplored plants that hold the potential for managing this protozoan parasite. The currently accessible over-the-counter drugs for disease management often present affordability challenges for the average person, exacerbated by the parasite\u2019s increasing resistance to them. This study investigated the phytoconstituents present in the ethyl acetate fraction of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Spilanthes filicaulis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (EFSF) and explored the antimalarial effects of EFSF on mice infected with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Plasmodium berghei<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Standard methods and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC\u2013MS) were used to identify phytoconstituents. Chloroquine phosphate-sensitive\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. berghei<\/jats:italic>\n                      (NK-65) was intraperitoneally inoculated into Swiss mice. The\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      antimalarial activity of EFSF was assessed at dose levels of 250, 500, and 750 mg\/kg, using 4-day suppressive and curative antimalarial models. Parameters evaluated in the inoculated mice included rectal temperature (RT), body weight (BW), packed cell volume (PCV), level of parasitemia, and mean survival time (MST).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides were the identified phytochemicals present in EFSF, and GC\u2013MS alongside reveals the presence of 20 bioactive compounds predominantly fatty acids and alcohol esters. Significant prevention of reductions in RT, BW, and PCV was observed in the EFSF-treated groups dose dependently relative to the untreated group. In addition, EFSF-treated groups significantly (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05) suppressed parasitemia and exhibited chemosuppression of 79.46% and 77.38% in 4-day suppressive, whereas suppression of 59.74% and 58.66% in curative treatment, respectively, at 500 and 750 mg\/kg thus consequently extending the MST of infected treated mice compared with the untreated group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation and Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Put together, the EFSF exhibited enhanced antimalarial efficacy against mice infected with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. berghei<\/jats:italic>\n                      thus affirming that plants still maintain lead way as a potential source of novel antimalarial remedies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2024.0039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,20]],"date-time":"2024-08-20T04:42:50Z","timestamp":1724128970000},"page":"26-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Phytochemical Analysis and\n                    <i>In Vivo<\/i>\n                    Antimalarial Activities of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of\n                    <i>Spilanthes filicaulis<\/i>\n                    on Mice Subjected to\n                    <i>Plasmodium berghei<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Bankole Emmanuel","family":"Ofeniforo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Science, Oduduwa University Ipetumodu, Ile-Ife, Nigeria."},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Science, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olalekan Bukunmi","family":"Ogunro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, KolaDaisi University, Ibadan, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles Ebere","family":"Dike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Science and Research, Intercountry Centre for Oral Health for Africa, Jos, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleojo Samuel","family":"Agada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kemi Feyisayo","family":"Akinwunmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"In vivo antimalarial activity of solvent fractions of the leaves of justicia schimperianahochst. Ex nees against Plasmodium berghei in mice","volume":"30","author":"Abdela J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abdela J, , Engdawork E, , Shibeshi W. In vivo antimalarial activity of solvent fractions of the leaves of justicia schimperianahochst. Ex nees against Plasmodium berghei in mice. Ethiopian Pharmaceutical J, 2014; 30:95\u2013108.","journal-title":"Ethiopian Pharmaceutical J"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant, anti inflammatory and antimalarial activities of the methanolic leaf extract of Spilanthes filicaulis (Schumach & Thonn)","volume":"8","author":"Akinwunmi KF","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akinwunmi KF, , Ofeniforo BE, , Omisore NO. Evaluation of antioxidant, anti inflammatory and antimalarial activities of the methanolic leaf extract of Spilanthes filicaulis (Schumach & Thonn). J Pharmaceutical Biol, 2018; 8(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"J Pharmaceutical Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e15042"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-021-00379z"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in ICR mice as a model of cerebral malaria","volume":"7","author":"Basir R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Basir R, , Rahiman SF, , Hasballah K, et al. Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection in ICR mice as a model of cerebral malaria. Iran J Parasitol, 2012; 7(4):62.","journal-title":"Iran J Parasitol"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antimalarial activity of stem bark of P. linearifolia during early & established Plasmodium infection in mice","volume":"2018","author":"Belay W","year":"2018","unstructured":"Belay W, , Gurmu A, , Wubneh Z. Antimalarial activity of stem bark of P. linearifolia during early & established Plasmodium infection in mice. Evidence-Based Complem Alt Med, 2018; 2018:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complem Alt Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511581304"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2221-1691.256731"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fshw.2019.05.003"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Acute toxicity, analgesic potential and preliminary antimicrobial studies of the aqueous plant extract of Spilanthes filicaulis","volume":"4","author":"Ekor M","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ekor M, , Ashorobi RB, , Ibitoye SF, , Kasimi LS. Acute toxicity, analgesic potential and preliminary antimicrobial studies of the aqueous plant extract of Spilanthes filicaulis. Nigerian J Health Biomed Sci, 2005; 4(1):30\u201334.","journal-title":"Nigerian J Health Biomed Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","first-page":"640","article-title":"Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used traditionally by the kanuris of north-eastern nigeria in treating diseases","volume":"11","author":"Ene AC","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ene AC, , Atawodi SE, , Ameh DA, et al. Ethnopharmacological survey of plants used traditionally by the kanuris of north-eastern nigeria in treating diseases. Indian J Trad Knowledge, 2012; 11(4):640\u2013645.","journal-title":"Indian J Trad Knowledge"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"In vivo antimalarial activity of hydromethanolic leaf extract of Calpurnia aurea(Fabaceae) in Mice infected with chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei","volume":"2","author":"Eyasu M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eyasu M, , Shibeshi W, , Giday M. In vivo antimalarial activity of hydromethanolic leaf extract of Calpurnia aurea(Fabaceae) in Mice infected with chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei. Int J Pharmacol, 2013; 2:131\u2013142.","journal-title":"Int J Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","first-page":"182","volume-title":"Phytochemical Method: A Guide to Modern Technique of Plant Analysis","author":"Harbone JB","year":"1998","unstructured":"Harbone JB. Phytochemical Method: A Guide to Modern Technique of Plant Analysis. Chapman and Hall: London; 1998; pp. 182\u2013190."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1268924"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The genus Spilanthes ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties: A review","volume":"2013","author":"Jayaraj P","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jayaraj P, , Raghavan G, , Pushpangadan P. The genus Spilanthes ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties: A review. 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Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/malaria [Last accessed: 16July 2021]."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2022.115000"}],"container-title":["Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/vbz.2024.0039","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2024.0039","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vbz.2024.0039","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T23:04:07Z","timestamp":1777590247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/vbz.2024.0039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/vbz.2024.0039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2024.0039","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-3667","1557-7759"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-3667","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7759","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}}}