{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T10:55:17Z","timestamp":1773312917073,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Viral Immunology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and risk factors associated with CMV acquisition among pregnant women in Zimbabwe. In a cross-sectional study, pregnant women were recruited in late gestation, seeking antenatal care at council clinics in three high-density suburbs in Harare, Zimbabwe. Anti-CMV IgM and IgG antibodies were quantified in serum using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibody avidity tests were used to distinguish active infection from viral reactivation in anti-CMV IgM-positive cases. Five hundred and twenty four women were recruited: 278 HIV infected and 246 HIV uninfected. Current or active CMV infection defined as IgM positive+low avidity was detected in 4.6% (24\/524), 95% confidence interval (CI): 3\u20136.9 in all women, 5.8% (16\/278) in the HIV infected and 3.3% (8\/246), 95% CI: 1.4\u20136.3 in the HIV uninfected. IgG seroprevalence was 99.6% (522\/524), 95% CI: 98.6\u201399.9 in all women. Notably, the difference in the prevalence of active CMV infection between the HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women was not statistically significant (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.173). The study shows a low prevalence of primary or active CMV infection among the pregnant women, but the IgG seroprevalence suggests high previous CMV exposure. Importantly, CMV seroprevalence was not associated with the HIV status of the women, perhaps due to the ubiquitous exposure of the population to CMV.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2019.0024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]],"date-time":"2019-07-26T09:54:05Z","timestamp":1564134845000},"page":"289-295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Seroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus Infection Among HIV-Infected and HIV-Uninfected Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Harare, Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Doreen","family":"Mhandire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa."},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerina","family":"Duri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamadou","family":"Kaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa."},{"name":"Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kudakwashe","family":"Mhandire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cuthbert","family":"Musarurwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emile","family":"Chimusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa."},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Privilege","family":"Munjoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lovemore","family":"Mazengera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, University of Zimbabwe College of Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Babill","family":"Stray-Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Women's Clinic, Rikshospitalet, University Hospital, Oslo, Norway."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Collet","family":"Dandara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa."},{"name":"Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268817000103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12502"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2055-6640(20)30456-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200105033441804"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02392-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.655"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"172","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection in pregnancy: should all women be screened?","volume":"3","author":"Carlson A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Carlson A, , Norwitz ER, , and Stiller RJ. 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