{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:06:00Z","timestamp":1788447960828,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Violence and Gender"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fear of crime can influence our view of and experience with the world around us. This can be problematic for individuals seeking physical activity, including from walk commuting. Prior work shows fear is especially evident among women, who report fear of rape and sexual abuse by men as a primary concern. We present the results of a cross-sectional survey (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009571) where participants were shown images from college campus (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20094 campuses) depicting different lighting (daytime, nighttime), and entrapment levels (high, low; i.e., able to easily escape if needed, with high entrapment being difficult and low being easy), and using the Qualtrics heat map tool, selected features that stood out to them most. Data were segregated by gender and analyzed to determine similarity of heat maps for the same base image. Heat map images were analyzed using canonical correlation (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rc<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) to determine the relationship between the two groups; dispersion testing to decipher spatial uniformity within the images; the Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) to characterize the nature of image patterns differences; and, the Breslow\u2013Day Test to specify pattern locations within images. Several heat map images are also presented in the results. Overall, female and male participants appear to \u201csee\u201d different things when imagining walk-commuting (as seen by poor\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Rc<\/jats:italic>\n                    values) and the nature of what they were looking at were different (as seen by poor SSIM values). Female participants tended to focus on areas outside the walking path, such as bushes and dark areas, whereas men's focus was on the path ahead [\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (1)\u2009=\u20094.29,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.04]. Furthermore, women were more likely to select areas outside the walking path during high entrapment settings [\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (1)\u2009=\u200915.49,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001] and at nighttime [\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (1)\u2009=\u20094.98,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.02]. Our study demonstrates point-of-view differences in female\u2013male walking space assessments. Viewing walking safety through the lens of lived experience could be productive for holistic community walking safety.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/vio.2023.0027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T09:53:57Z","timestamp":1703757237000},"page":"35-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Gender-Based Heat Map Images of Campus Walking Settings: A Reflection of Lived Experience"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7330-7503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert A.","family":"Chaney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alyssa","family":"Baer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Ida","family":"Tovar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Public Health, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","unstructured":"Andrew G Arora R Bilmes J et al. Deep Canonical Correlation Analysis. Proceedings in Machine Learning Research: Atlanta Georgia USA; 2013."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v012.i06"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07352166.2016.1255526"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916504269643"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916512453838"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_1","unstructured":"Borga M. Canonical Correlation: A Tutorial. 2001. Available from: https:\/\/www.cs.cmu.edu\/~tom\/10701_sp11\/slides\/CCA_tutorial.pdf [Last accessed: April24 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_1","unstructured":"Brigham Young University. Facts & Figures. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.byu.edu\/facts-figures [Last accessed: November10 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2011.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1984.tb01318.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2018.1549646"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916592241002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07418820300095641"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0013916512465176"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08918-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_1","first-page":"2366","article-title":"Image Quality Metrics: PSNR vs","author":"Hor\u00e9 A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hor\u00e9 A, , Ziou D. Image Quality Metrics: PSNR vs. SSIM. In: 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2010; pp. 2366\u20132369; doi: 10.1109\/ICPR.2010.579","journal-title":"SSIM. In: 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_1","unstructured":"Jones K L Kristin. Campus Sexual Assault Statistics Don't Add up. 2009. Available from: https:\/\/publicintegrity.org\/education\/campus-sexual-assault-statistics-dont-add-up [Last accessed: April25 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/daed_a_01960"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_1","first-page":"215","article-title":"Factors affecting perceptions of safety in a campus environment","volume":"19","author":"Kirk NL.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kirk NL. Factors affecting perceptions of safety in a campus environment. Environ Design Res Assoc, 1988; 19:215\u2013221.","journal-title":"Environ Design Res Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-4762.2000.tb00125.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20360"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-4944(05)80254-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4278\/0890-1171-21.4s.380"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2013.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_1","unstructured":"Mazet V. What Is a Digital Image?. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/vincmazet.github.io\/bip\/digital-images\/definition.html [Last accessed: April24 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_1","unstructured":"Nashville Film Institute. Digital Imaging\u2014Everything You Need To Know. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.nfi.edu\/digital-imaging\/[Last accessed: Available from 24 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_1","unstructured":"OpenStreetMap Contributors. North Central Utah. 2023. Available from: www.openstreetmap.org [Last accessed: April1 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15568318.2019.1641577"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2015.1015027"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_1","unstructured":"Petherick N. Environmental Design and Fear: The Prospect-Refuge Model and the University College of the Cariboo Campus. Western Geography. 2000; pp. 89\u2013112."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-640"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Preston V Ustundag E. \u2018Feminist geographies of the \u201ccity\u201d: Multiple Voices Multiple Meanings\u2019. In: A Companion to Feminist Geography. (Nelson L Seager J. eds.) Blackwell Publishing: Malden MA USA; 2005; pp. 211\u2013227.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470996898.ch15"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_1","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna Austria; 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/ [Last accessed: October 25 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_1","unstructured":"RAINN: Rape Abuse & Incest National Network. Campus Sexual Violence: Statistics. 2023a. Available from: https:\/\/www.rainn.org\/statistics\/campus-sexual-violence [Last accessed: April19 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_1","unstructured":"RAINN: Rape Abuse & Incest National Network. Perpetrators of Sexual Violence: Statistics. 2023b. Available from: https:\/\/www.rainn.org\/statistics\/perpetrators-sexual-violence [Last accessed: April19 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/gec3.12461"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_38_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Race and gender discrimination: A historical case for equal treatment under the fourteenth amendment","volume":"1","author":"Rierson SL.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rierson SL. Race and gender discrimination: A historical case for equal treatment under the fourteenth amendment. Duke J Gender Law Policy, 1994; 1:89\u2013117.","journal-title":"Duke J Gender Law Policy"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_39_1","unstructured":"Signorell A et al. DescTools: Tools for Descriptive Statistics. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/DescTools\/index.html [Last accessed: October25 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12767"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01490400.2013.739867"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/csd.2018.0023"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2004.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_44_1","unstructured":"Thau L Gandhi J Sharma S. Physiology Cortisol. In: StatPearls StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island FL; 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_45_1","unstructured":"Tufte E. Corruption in Evidence Presentation: Effects without Causes Cherry Picking Overreaching Chartjunk and the Rage to Conclude. In: Beautiful Evidence Graphics Press LLC: Cheshire Connecticut; 2006; pp. 140\u2013155."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01446193.2017.1353698"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_6_47_1","first-page":"385","article-title":"The geography of women's fear","volume":"21","author":"Valentine G.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Valentine G. The geography of women's fear. Area, 1989; 21(4):385\u2013390.","journal-title":"Area"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallejos R Osorio F Bevilacqua M. Spatial Relationships Between Two Georeferenced Variables: With Applications in R. Springer: New York; 2020.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-56681-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4073\/csr.2008.13"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.7071"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2167\/cit342.0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pchj.278"}],"container-title":["Violence and Gender"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/vio.2023.0027","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vio.2023.0027","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/vio.2023.0027","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T16:09:39Z","timestamp":1773245379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/vio.2023.0027"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/vio.2023.0027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vio.2023.0027","relation":{},"ISSN":["2326-7836","2326-7852"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2326-7836","type":"print"},{"value":"2326-7852","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]]}}}