{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T02:36:21Z","timestamp":1790044581626,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Women's Health Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) affects 8%\u201313% of reproductive-age women globally, with comorbidities including obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and psychological disorders. Socioeconomic status (SES) significantly impacts health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A community-based, pilot study was conducted in Trinidad among females aged 18\u201345 years, representing diverse ethnicities and SES. Participants underwent a standardized history and physical exam. Clinical hyperandrogenism (HIR) was assessed using the modified Ferriman\u2013Gallwey scale (HIR \u22656), menstrual dysfunction (MD) as &lt;9 cycles\/year, depression\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">via<\/jats:italic>\n                      Beck\u2019s Inventory, overall health using SF-12 v1, and daytime somnolence with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and multinomial logistic regression adjusting for confounders.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 250 participants (mean age 31.6\u2009\u00b1\u20097.9 years), we classified 200 with clinical presentations, which included: no MD or HIR (56.7%), MD only (14.4%), HIR only (21.9%), and MD+HIR (7%). Age, income, and education were significantly correlated with clinical presentation. Older age reduced the risk of HIR (mean difference = 4.507,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004) and MD+HIR (mean difference = 9.063,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Income (OR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.16\u20130.87,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.022) reduced MD odds. Self-reported infertility was associated with MD (odds ratio [OR] = 0.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.11\u20130.65,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.006). MD+HIR correlated with severe depression (OR = 5.96, 95% CI: 1.62\u201321.90,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.007). Mental health scores (SF-12 MCS) were lower in women with MD+HIR (mean difference = \u221211.477,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seven percent of women in this sample showed probable PCOS based on clinical manifestations, with SES impacting quality of life, mental health, and sleep. Higher income reduced MD and MD+HIR risk, while infertility increased MD risk and severe depression was linked to MD+HIR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/whr.2025.0008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T11:46:39Z","timestamp":1745495199000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Association of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Like Clinical Features and Socioeconomic Status on Health-Related Quality of Life"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3458-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies at St Augustine, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago."},{"name":"Dept. of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7665-2836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venkatesan","family":"Sundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Basic Veterinary Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9391-6004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian N.","family":"Cockburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0136-4370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shastri","family":"Motilal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9675-3768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasha","family":"Ottey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PCOS Challenge: The National Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3917-0483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Azziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Health Policy, Management, and Behavior, School of Public Health, University at Albany, SUNY, Rensselaer, New York, USA."},{"name":"Depts. of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA."},{"name":"Dept. of Healthcare Organization &amp; Policy, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","unstructured":"Organization WH. 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