{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:57:19Z","timestamp":1787237839340,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]],"date-time":"2019-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advances in Wound Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fibrosis and scar formation pose a substantial physiological and psychological burden on patients and a significant public health burden on the economy, estimated to be up to $12 billion a year. Fibrosis research is heavily reliant on\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      models, but variations in animal models and differences between animal and human fibrosis necessitates careful selection of animal models to study fibrosis. There is also an increased need for improved animal models that recapitulate human pathophysiology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Recent Advances:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several murine and porcine models, including xenograft, drug-induced fibrosis, and mechanical load-induced fibrosis, for different types of fibrotic disease have been described in the literature. Recent findings have underscored the importance of mechanical forces in the pathophysiology of scarring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Critical Issues:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Differences in skin, properties of subcutaneous tissue, and modes of fibrotic healing in animal models and humans provide challenges toward investigating fibrosis with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      models. While porcine models are typically better suited to study cutaneous fibrosis, murine models are preferred because of the ease of handling and availability of transgenic strains.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Future Directions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a critical need to develop novel murine models that recapitulate the mechanical cues influencing fibrosis in humans, significantly increasing the translational value of fibrosis research. We advocate a translational pipeline that begins in mouse models with modified biomechanical environments for foundational molecular and cellular research before validation in porcine models that closely mimic the human condition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2018.0909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,28]],"date-time":"2019-03-28T10:53:46Z","timestamp":1553770426000},"page":"645-654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["<i>In Vivo<\/i>\n                    Models for the Study of Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Jagannath","family":"Padmanabhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeshaan N.","family":"Maan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Hyung","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Revanth","family":"Kosaraju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clark A.","family":"Bonham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey C.","family":"Gurtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07039"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.8b00252"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","article-title":"Surgical approaches to create murine models of human wound healing","volume":"2011","author":"Wong VW","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wong VW, , Sorkin M, , Glotzbach JP, , Longaker MT, , Gurtner GC. 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