{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T13:51:27Z","timestamp":1792590687220,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]],"date-time":"2019-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576627200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Advances in Wound Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our goal was to develop a chronic wound model in mice that avoids implantation of foreign material or impaired immunity and to use this to characterize the local and systemic immune response associated with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Approach:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We generated bilateral full-thickness dermal wounds in healthy 10\u201312-week-old C57Bl6 mice. We waited 24\u2009h to inoculate the developing wound eschar at these sites. We performed careful titration experiments with luminescent strains of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      to identify bacterial inoculation concentrations that consistently established stable infections in these animals. We performed flow cytometry-based immunophenotyping of immune cell infiltrates at the wound site, spleen, and draining lymph nodes over time. Finally, we compared inflammatory responses seen in wound inoculation with planktonic bacteria, preformed biofilm, and heat-killed (HK)\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Using this delayed inoculation model and 7.5\u2009\u00b1\u20092.5\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\/mL of PAO1 we consistently established stable infections that lasted at 10 days in duration. During early infection, we detected a strong upregulation of inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil infiltration at the wound site, while natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs) were reduced. At the systemic level, only plasmacytoid DCs were increased early in infection. During later stages, there was systemic upregulation of B cells, T cells, and macrophages, whereas NK cells and interferon killer DCs were reduced. Infections with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      biofilms were not more virulent than infections with planktonic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      , whereas treatment with HK\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      only induces a short-term inflammatory state.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Innovation:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We describe a versatile wound model of chronic\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection that lasts 10 days without causing sepsis or other excessive morbidity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This model may facilitate the study of chronic wound infections in immunocompetent mice. Our findings also highlight the induction of early innate immune cell populations during\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2019.1039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]],"date-time":"2019-08-06T14:27:36Z","timestamp":1565101656000},"page":"35-47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The Immune Response to Chronic\n                    <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/i>\n                    Wound Infection in Immunocompetent Mice"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Johanna M.","family":"Sweere","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California."},{"name":"Stanford Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Ishak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Palo Alto Veterans Institute of Research, Palo Alto, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivekananda","family":"Sunkari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle S.","family":"Bach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Manasherob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koshika","family":"Yadava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California."},{"name":"Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon M.","family":"Ruppert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandan K.","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Swathi","family":"Balaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sundeep G.","family":"Keswani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Secor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul L.","family":"Bollyky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.10.125"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2003.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau9748"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2015.1023291"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042728-200506000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.8.4923"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/810791"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25937"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2012.00793.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-012-0277-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.06215-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000344"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat9691"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600856R"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2014.02.051"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1525086113"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2016-0111OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/614297"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0095042"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425916668244"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12148"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-62703-505-7_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2012.0383"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13581"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1318"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160470"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2002.01731.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000311"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.8.5481"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000561"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.10.014"}],"container-title":["Advances in Wound Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/wound.2019.1039","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/wound.2019.1039","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/wound.2019.1039","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T14:14:15Z","timestamp":1773238455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/wound.2019.1039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/wound.2019.1039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/wound.2019.1039","relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-1918","2162-1934"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-1918","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-1934","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,18]]}}}