{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:10:58Z","timestamp":1787008258597,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]],"date-time":"2015-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zebrafish"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    There is an urgent need for more efficient viral vaccines in finfish aquaculture worldwide. Here, we report the use of poly(I:C) stabilized with chitosan as an adjuvant for development of better finfish vaccines. The adjuvant was co-injected with inactivated\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (VHSV) (CSpIC+iV vaccine) in adult zebrafish and its efficiency in protection against VHSV infection was compared to a live, attenuated VHS virus vaccine (aV). Both free and stabilized poly(I:C) were strong inducers of an antiviral state, measured by transcriptional activation of the genes of viral sensors: toll-like receptors, interferons, and interferon-stimulated genes, such as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MXa<\/jats:italic>\n                    within 48\u2009h after injection. Both the CSpIC+iV and the aV formulations provided a significant protection against VHSV-induced mortality. However, when plasma from survivors was tested for neutralizing antibodies in an\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    protection assay, we could not demonstrate any protective effect. On the contrary, plasma from aV vaccinated fish enhanced cytopathic effects, indicating that antibody-dependent entry may play a role in this system. Our results show that poly(I:C) is a promising candidate as an adjuvant for fish vaccination against viral pathogens, and that the zebrafish is a promising model for aquaculture-relevant vaccination studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/zeb.2015.1126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]],"date-time":"2015-10-28T18:57:34Z","timestamp":1446058654000},"page":"421-431","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Use of Poly(I:C) Stabilized with Chitosan As a Vaccine-Adjuvant Against\n                    <i>Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus<\/i>\n                    Infection in Zebrafish"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Arturas","family":"Kavaliauskis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oslo","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Arnemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oslo","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lilia","family":"Ulanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oslo","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Speth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oslo","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Novoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIC","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Dios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIC","place":["Spain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d8ystein","family":"Evensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Life Sciences","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gareth Wyn","family":"Griffiths","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oslo","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tor","family":"Gj\u00f8en","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oslo","place":["Norway"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2004.00583.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13337-013-0186-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2011.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2013.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"117","article-title":"The vaccine formulation and its role in inflammatory processes in fish\u2014effects and adverse effects","volume":"121","author":"Evensen O","year":"2005","unstructured":"Evensen O, , Brudeseth B, , Mutoloki S. 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