{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T17:34:33Z","timestamp":1781199273737,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]],"date-time":"2016-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Zebrafish"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Long-term\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    imaging in adult zebrafish (i.e., 1\u201324\u2009h) has been limited by the fact that regimens for long-term anesthesia in embryos and larvae are ineffective in adults. Here, we examined the potential for dynamic administration of benzocaine to enable long-term anesthesia in adult zebrafish. We developed a computer-controlled perfusion system comprised of programmable peristaltic pumps that enabled automatic exchange between anesthetic and system water. Continuous administration of benzocaine in adult zebrafish resulted in a mean time to respiratory arrest of 5.0\u2009h and 8-h survival of 14.3%. We measured characteristic sedation and recovery times in response to benzocaine, and used them to devise an intermittent dosing regimen consisting of 14.5\u2009min of benzocaine followed by 5.5\u2009min of system water. Intermittent benzocaine administration in adult zebrafish resulted in a mean time to respiratory arrest of 7.6\u2009h and 8-h survival of 71.4%. Finally, we performed a single 24-h trial and found that intermittent dosing maintained anesthesia in an adult zebrafish over the entire 24-h period. In summary, our studies demonstrate the potential for dynamic administration of benzocaine to enable prolonged anesthesia in adult zebrafish, expanding the potential for imaging in adult physiologies that unfold over 1\u201324\u2009h.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/zeb.2016.1289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]],"date-time":"2016-07-13T12:34:36Z","timestamp":1468413276000},"page":"1-7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Dynamic Anesthesia System for Long-Term Imaging in Adult Zebrafish"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Brenen M.","family":"Wynd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire J.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karuna","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George E.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald Y.","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Washington"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.22113"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3589"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bonekey.2015.114"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2006.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-2008-00443"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/zeb.2010.0653"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"198","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of 5 anesthetics in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"53","author":"Collymore C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Collymore C, , Tolwani A, , Lieggi C, , Rasmussen S. Efficacy and safety of 5 anesthetics in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci, 2014; 53:198\u2013203.","journal-title":"J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/154585404774101671"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"Westerfield M. The Zebrafish Book: A Guide for the Laboratory Use of Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). University of Oregon Press Eugene OR 1993."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073773"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(75)90175-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aja.1002030302"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.082586"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"467","article-title":"Tricaine (MS-222) is a safe anesthetic compound compared to benzocaine and pentobarbital to induce anesthesia in leopard frogs (Rana pipiens)","volume":"57","author":"Cakir Y","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cakir Y, , Strauch SM. Tricaine (MS-222) is a safe anesthetic compound compared to benzocaine and pentobarbital to induce anesthesia in leopard frogs (Rana pipiens). Pharmacol Rep, 2005; 57:467\u2013474.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00658267"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101606"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ross LG Ross B. Anaesthetic and Sedative Techniques for Aquatic Animals 3rd ed. Blackwell Oxford; Ames IA 2008.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444302264"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.20639"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2012.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1953.tb12284.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noga EJ. Fish Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment 2nd ed. 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