{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T17:09:52Z","timestamp":1780765792486,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201906650004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201906650004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1705262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1705262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61672159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61672159"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>An interaction between pharmacological agents can trigger unexpected adverse events. Capturing richer and more comprehensive information about drug\u2013drug interactions (DDIs) is one of the key tasks in public health and drug development. Recently, several knowledge graph (KG) embedding approaches have received increasing attention in the DDI domain due to their capability of projecting drugs and interactions into a low-dimensional feature space for predicting links and classifying triplets. However, existing methods only apply a uniformly random mode to construct negative samples. As a consequence, these samples are often too simplistic to train an effective model. In this paper, we propose a new KG embedding framework by introducing adversarial autoencoders (AAEs) based on Wasserstein distances and Gumbel-Softmax relaxation for DDI tasks. In our framework, the autoencoder is employed to generate high-quality negative samples and the hidden vector of the autoencoder is regarded as a plausible drug candidate. Afterwards, the discriminator learns the embeddings of drugs and interactions based on both positive and negative triplets. Meanwhile, in order to solve vanishing gradient problems on the discrete representation\u2014an inherent flaw in traditional generative models\u2014we utilize the Gumbel-Softmax relaxation and the Wasserstein distance to train the embedding model steadily. We empirically evaluate our method on two tasks: link prediction and DDI classification. The experimental results show that our framework can attain significant improvements and noticeably outperform competitive baselines. Supplementary information: Supplementary data and code are available at https:\/\/github.com\/dyf0631\/AAE_FOR_KG.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbaa256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,11]],"date-time":"2020-09-11T19:10:56Z","timestamp":1599851456000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Drug\u2013drug interaction prediction with Wasserstein Adversarial Autoencoder-based knowledge graph embeddings"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yuanfei","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fujian, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenhao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, Fuzhou University, Fujian, 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