{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T16:41:02Z","timestamp":1780764062550,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Drug repositioning has received increased attention since the past decade as several blockbuster drugs have come out of repositioning. Computational approaches are significantly contributing to these efforts, of which, network-based methods play a key role. Various structural (topological) network measures have thereby contributed to uncovering unintuitive functional relationships and repositioning candidates in drug-disease and other networks. This review gives a broad overview of the topic, and offers perspectives on the application of topological measures for network analysis. It also discusses unexplored measures, and draws attention to a wider scope of application efforts, especially in drug repositioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbaa357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,5]],"date-time":"2020-11-05T12:21:29Z","timestamp":1604578889000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Topological network measures for drug repositioning"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4120-1963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apurva","family":"Badkas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"De Landtsheer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8225-2954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Sauter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.0c00489","article-title":"Remdesivir: a review of its discovery and development leading to emergency use authorization for treatment of COVID-19","volume":"6","author":"Eastman","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Cent Sci"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01300","article-title":"Evolution of cancer pharmacological treatments at the turn of the third millennium","volume":"9","author":"Falzone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050010","article-title":"Sildenafil citrate therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"353","author":"Gali\u00e8","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14081","article-title":"Inventing new therapies without reinventing the wheel: the power of drug repurposing","volume":"175","author":"Papapetropoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00620","article-title":"Tamoxifen from failed contraceptive pill to best-selling breast cancer medicine: a case-study in pharmaceutical innovation","volume":"8","author":"Quirke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.168","article-title":"Drug repurposing: progress, challenges and recommendations","volume":"18","author":"Pushpakom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref7","first-page":"151","article-title":"The importance of clinical trials in drug development","volume":"8","author":"Akhondzadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avicenna J Med Biotechnol"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11020057","article-title":"Changing trends in computational drug repositioning","volume":"11","author":"Yella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.6008","article-title":"Failure of investigational drugs in late-stage clinical development and publication of trial results","volume":"176","author":"Hwang","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2018.08.001","article-title":"Factors associated with clinical trials that fail and opportunities for improving the likelihood of success: a review","volume":"11","author":"Fogel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials Commun"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref11","first-page":"114","article-title":"Lost in translation: animal models and clinical trials in cancer treatment","volume":"6","author":"Mak","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2017.00273","article-title":"Giving drugs a second chance: overcoming regulatory and financial hurdles in repurposing approved drugs as cancer therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Hernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2013.11.005","article-title":"Toward better drug repositioning: prioritizing and integrating existing methods into efficient pipelines","volume":"19","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2016.09.019","article-title":"Design of efficient computational workflows for in silico drug repurposing","volume":"22","author":"Vanhaelen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ddstr.2011.10.002","article-title":"Drug repurposing from an academic perspective","volume":"8","author":"Oprea","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today Ther Strateg"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-012-9390-1","article-title":"Drug repurposing: far beyond new targets for old drugs","volume":"14","author":"Oprea","year":"2012","journal-title":"AAPS J"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref17","first-page":"576","article-title":"Challenges and perspective of drug repurposing strategies in early phase clinical trials","volume":"2","author":"Kato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13798","article-title":"Drug repurposing from the perspective of pharmaceutical companies","volume":"175","author":"Cha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref19","first-page":"110","article-title":"Computational approaches to drug repurposing and pharmacology","author":"Swamidass","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pac Symp Biocomput"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557515666150219143933","article-title":"Network based approach to drug discovery: a mini review","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mini-Reviews Med Chem"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.12793\/tcp.2019.27.2.59","article-title":"A review of computational drug repurposing","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2017.10.009","article-title":"Computational drug repositioning for rare diseases in the era of precision medicine","volume":"23","author":"Delavan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbv020","article-title":"A survey of current trends in computational drug repositioning","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.24612","article-title":"Review of drug repositioning approaches and resources","volume":"14","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00298","article-title":"On the integration of in silico drug design methods for drug repurposing","volume":"8","author":"March-Vila","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2019.12.004","article-title":"Computational network biology: data, models, and applications","volume":"846","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys Rep"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.10.003","article-title":"Complex network measures of brain connectivity: uses and interpretations","volume":"52","author":"Rubinov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2013.01.016","article-title":"Structure and dynamics of molecular networks: a novel paradigm of drug discovery: a comprehensive review","volume":"138","author":"Csermely","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0381-4-10","article-title":"Using graph theory to analyze biological networks","volume":"4","author":"Pavlopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bio Data Min"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref30","first-page":"254","article-title":"Identifying sub-populations via unsupervised cluster analysis on multi-edge similarity graphs BT-medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention\u2013MICCAI","author":"Ingalhalikar","year":"2012"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty114","article-title":"A global network of biomedical relationships derived from text","volume":"34","author":"Percha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref32","first-page":"730085","article-title":"Expanding a database-derived biomedical knowledge graph via multi-relation extraction from biomedical abstracts","author":"Nicholson","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2015.09.017","article-title":"Drug-repositioning opportunities for cancer therapy: novel molecular targets for known compounds","volume":"21","author":"W\u00fcrth","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrc.21096","article-title":"Thalidomide-induced teratogenesis: history and mechanisms","volume":"105","author":"Vargesson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-4855-2","article-title":"From gene networks to drugs: systems pharmacology approaches for AUD","volume":"235","author":"Ferguson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl)"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84912","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084912","article-title":"Graph theory enables drug repurposing\u2013how a mathematical model can drive the discovery of hidden mechanisms of action","volume":"9","author":"Gramatica","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4314","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00284","article-title":"Drug repurposing using deep embeddings of gene expression profiles","volume":"15","author":"Donner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00218","article-title":"Drug repositioning in glioblastoma: a pathway perspective","volume":"9","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2021072117034023500_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/gm326","article-title":"Drug repositioning for personalized medicine","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990470","article-title":"Network pharmacology strategies toward multi-target anticancer therapies: from computational models to experimental design principles","volume":"20","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref41","first-page":"1258","article-title":"Towards drug repositioning: a unified computational framework for integrating multiple aspects of drug similarity and disease similarity","volume":"2014","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"AMIA Annu Symp Proc"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbr047","article-title":"Editorial: computational methods for drug repurposing","volume":"12","author":"Sanseau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2008.10TT","article-title":"Identifying network of drug mode of action by gene expression profiling","volume":"16","author":"Iorio","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Comput Biol"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14621","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000138107","article-title":"Discovery of drug mode of action and drug repositioning from transcriptional responses","volume":"107","author":"Iorio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu058","article-title":"Mantra 2.0: an online collaborative resource for drug mode of action and repurposing by network analysis","volume":"30","author":"Carrella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38798-y","article-title":"Cell identity codes: understanding cell identity from gene expression profiles using deep neural networks","volume":"9","author":"Abdolhosseini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005335","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005335","article-title":"Representing high throughput expression profiles via perturbation barcodes reveals compound targets","volume":"13","author":"Filzen","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4314","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00284","article-title":"Drug repurposing using deep embeddings of gene expression profiles","volume":"15","author":"Donner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2016.10.017","article-title":"Compact integration of multi-network topology for functional analysis of genes","volume":"3","author":"Cho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Syst"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2019.04.003","article-title":"MultiPLIER: a transfer learning framework for transcriptomics reveals systemic features of rare disease","volume":"8","author":"Taroni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Syst"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006864","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006864","article-title":"Identification of pathways associated with chemosensitivity through network embedding","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref52","article-title":"Deep convolutional networks on graph-structured data","author":"Henaff","year":"2015","journal-title":"ArXiv:1506.05163v1 [cs.LG]"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref53","first-page":"463","article-title":"A literature-based knowledge graph embedding method for identifying drug repurposing opportunities in rare diseases","volume":"25","author":"Sosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pac Symp Biocomput"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref54","first-page":"701","author":"Perozzi","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx160","article-title":"Deep mining heterogeneous networks of biomedical linked data to predict novel drug\u2013target associations","volume":"33","author":"Zong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"11","key":"2021072117034023500_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8111405","article-title":"Predicting disease related microRNA based on similarity and topology","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i457","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty294","article-title":"Modeling polypharmacy side effects with graph convolutional networks","volume":"34","author":"Zitnik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-020-03724-x","article-title":"DPDDI: a deep predictor for drug-drug interactions","volume":"21","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0238915","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238915","article-title":"Graph embedding-based novel protein interaction prediction via higher-order graph convolutional network","volume":"15","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-020-3518-6","article-title":"Drug-target interaction prediction using semi-bipartite graph model and deep learning","volume":"21","author":"Eslami Manoochehri","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00807","article-title":"Pseudo2GO: a graph-based deep learning method for pseudogene function prediction by borrowing information from coding genes","volume":"11","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.87","article-title":"Network biology concepts in complex disease comorbidities","volume":"17","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12918-018-0598-2","article-title":"A systematic survey of centrality measures for protein-protein interaction networks","volume":"12","author":"Ashtiani","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Syst Biol"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imu.2019.100249","article-title":"Disease global behavior: a systematic study of the human interactome network reveals conserved topological features among categories of diseases","volume":"17","author":"Pournoor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Informatics Med Unlocked"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2013.05.204","article-title":"Centrality and composition of four-node motifs in metabolic networks","volume":"18","author":"Piraveenan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7233","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43829-9","article-title":"Tissue-specific genes as an underutilized resource in drug discovery","volume":"9","author":"Ryaboshapkina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2011.05.006","article-title":"The orphan disease networks","volume":"88","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2012.09.001","article-title":"New horizons for antiviral drug discovery from virus\u2013host protein interaction networks","volume":"2","author":"Chassey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-13-294","article-title":"Effects of protein interaction data integration, representation and reliability on the use of network properties for drug target prediction","volume":"13","author":"Mora","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref70","first-page":"186","article-title":"Identifying problematic drugs based on the characteristics of their targets","volume":"6","author":"Da Silva Lopes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref71","first-page":"258784","article-title":"Network-assisted prediction of potential drugs for addiction","volume":"2014","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2005.10.009","article-title":"Complex networks: structure and dynamics","volume":"424","author":"Boccaletti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2004.11.009","article-title":"A measure of betweenness centrality based on random walks","volume":"27","author":"Newman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc. Networks"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10232","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010232","article-title":"Eigenvector centrality mapping for analyzing connectivity patterns in fMRI data of the human brain","volume":"5","author":"Lohmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2019.12.004","article-title":"Computational network biology: data, models, and applications","volume":"846","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phys. Rep."},{"issue":"12","key":"2021072117034023500_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12090879","article-title":"Uncovering new drug properties in target-based drug-drug similarity networks","volume":"9","author":"Udrescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32745","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32745","article-title":"Clustering drug-drug interaction networks with energy model layouts: community analysis and drug repurposing","volume":"6","author":"Udrescu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10331","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10331","article-title":"Network-based in silico drug efficacy screening","volume":"7","author":"Guney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05116-5","article-title":"Network-based approach to prediction and population-based validation of in silico drug repurposing","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-54241-6_21","article-title":"Investigating side effect modules in the interactome and their use in drug adverse effect discovery","author":"Guney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Springer Proc Complex"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0153-3","article-title":"Network-based drug repurposing for novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV\/SARS-CoV-2","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0162407","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162407","article-title":"A network-based data integration approach to support drug repurposing and multi-target therapies in triple negative breast cancer","volume":"11","author":"Vitali","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7147039","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7147039","article-title":"A systematic framework for drug repositioning from integrated omics and drug phenotype profiles using pathway-drug network","volume":"2016","author":"Jadamba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1186\/s12918-017-0473-6","article-title":"Informed walks: whispering hints to gene hunters inside networks\u2019 jungle","volume":"11","author":"Bourdakou","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Syst Biol"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2478","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2478","article-title":"Identify potential drugs for cardiovascular diseases caused by stress-induced genes in vascular smooth muscle cells","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Peer J"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5459","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27825","article-title":"Novel putative drugs and key initiating genes for neurodegenerative disease determined using network-based genetic integrative analysis","volume":"120","author":"Mortezaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12325-3","article-title":"Drug enrichment and discovery from schizophrenia genome-wide association results: an analysis and visualisation approach","volume":"7","author":"Gaspar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbv048","article-title":"Bioinformatics methods in drug repurposing for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Siavelis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2018.06.017","article-title":"RESKO: repositioning drugs by using side effects and knowledge from ontologies","volume":"160","author":"McGarry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Syst"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joi.2018.07.007","article-title":"Topology-driven trend analysis for drug discovery","volume":"12","author":"Lv","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Informet"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.769","article-title":"Drug repurposing by simulating flow through protein\u2013protein interaction networks","volume":"103","author":"Manczinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2019.02.005","article-title":"Unveiling the kinomes of Leishmania infantum and L. braziliensis empowers the discovery of new kinase targets and Antileishmanial compounds","volume":"17","author":"Borba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol J"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14969","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33039-0","article-title":"LINCS L1000 dataset-based repositioning of CGP-60474 as a highly potent anti-endotoxemic agent","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-019-2858-6","article-title":"Drug repurposing with network reinforcement","volume":"20","author":"Nam","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2195","article-title":"A robustness-based approach to systems-oriented drug design","volume":"6","author":"Kitano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D362","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw937","article-title":"The STRING database in 2017: quality-controlled protein\u2013protein association networks, made broadly accessible","volume":"45","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8733(03)00012-1","article-title":"The stability of centrality measures when networks are sampled","volume":"25","author":"Costenbader","year":"2003","journal-title":"Soc Networks"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2005.05.001","article-title":"On the robustness of centrality measures under conditions of imperfect data","volume":"28","author":"Borgatti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc Networks"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2013.09.003","article-title":"Structural effects of network sampling coverage I: nodes missing at random","volume":"35","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Networks"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-012-0385-3","article-title":"Implications of incomplete networks on estimation of landscape genetic connectivity","volume":"14","author":"Naujokaitis-Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conserv Genet"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106132","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106132","article-title":"Identification of important nodes in directed biological networks: a network motif approach","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e93960","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093960","article-title":"Synergistic and antagonistic drug combinations depend on network topology","volume":"9","author":"Yin","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0220061","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220061","article-title":"Consistency and differences between centrality measures across distinct classes of networks","volume":"14","author":"Oldham","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2015.2486740","article-title":"Stability and continuity of centrality measures in weighted graphs","volume":"64","author":"Segarra","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Signal Process"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","article-title":"IHS: an integrative method for the identification of network hubs","author":"Salavaty","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3565980"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000446","article-title":"What do centrality measures measure in psychological networks?","volume":"128","author":"Bringmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-016-1095-5","article-title":"Network topology measures for identifying disease-gene association in breast cancer","volume":"17","author":"Ramadan","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1021\/pr060106e","article-title":"Protein bipartivity and essentiality in the yeast protein\u2212protein interaction network","volume":"5","author":"Estrada","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref109","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proc. 17th Int. Conf. Comput. Commun. Networks 2008","author":"Nanda","year":"2008"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0143111","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143111","article-title":"CentiServer: a comprehensive resource, web-based application and R package for centrality analysis","volume":"10","author":"Jalili","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96ra76","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3002648","article-title":"Computational repositioning of the anticonvulsant topiramate for inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"3","author":"Dudley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"2021072117034023500_ref112","article-title":"Is a single type of data sufficient for accurate computational drug repositioning?","author":"Deftereos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"}],"container-title":["Briefings in Bioinformatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bib\/article-pdf\/22\/4\/bbaa357\/39149443\/bbaa357.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bib\/article-pdf\/22\/4\/bbaa357\/39149443\/bbaa357.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]],"date-time":"2021-07-21T17:30:45Z","timestamp":1626888645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bib\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/bib\/bbaa357\/6043286"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bib\/bbaa357","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-5463","1477-4054"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-5463","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-4054","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"article-number":"bbaa357"}}