{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T03:25:10Z","timestamp":1774322710801,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,10]],"date-time":"2021-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01GM134307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01GM134307"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01ES028047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01ES028047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2028717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2028717"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Culture Collection for Pathogens","award":["NCCP43326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCCP43326"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The global efforts in the past year have led to the discovery of nearly 200 drug repurposing candidates for COVID-19. Gaining more insights into their mechanisms of action could facilitate a better understanding of infection and the development of therapeutics. Leveraging large-scale drug-induced gene expression profiles, we found 36% of the active compounds regulate genes related to cholesterol homeostasis and microtubule cytoskeleton organization. Following bioinformatics analyses revealed that the expression of these genes is associated with COVID-19 patient severity and has predictive power on anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy in vitro. Monensin, a top new compound that regulates these genes, was further confirmed as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 replication in Vero-E6 cells. Interestingly, drugs co-targeting cholesterol homeostasis and microtubule cytoskeleton organization processes more likely present a synergistic effect with antivirals. Therefore, potential therapeutics could be centered around combinations of targeting these processes and viral proteins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbab249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,6]],"date-time":"2021-07-06T15:11:13Z","timestamp":1625584273000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Published anti-SARS-CoV-2\n                    <i>in vitro<\/i>\n                    hits share common mechanisms of action that synergize with antivirals"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4726-8525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Human Development , , Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Michigan State University , , Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shreya","family":"Paithankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 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USA"},{"name":"Michigan State University , , Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , , Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA"},{"name":"Michigan State University , , Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022070900070061800_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00819","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00819-20","article-title":"Identification of antiviral drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2 from FDA-approved drugs","volume":"64","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"2022070900070061800_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2577-1","article-title":"Discovery of SARS-CoV-2 antiviral drugs through large-scale compound 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