{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T08:10:02Z","timestamp":1775895002723,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS)-based untargeted metabolomics provides systematic profiling of metabolic. Yet, its applications in precision medicine (disease diagnosis) have been limited by several challenges, including metabolite identification, information loss and low reproducibility. Here, we present the deep-learning-based Pseudo-Mass Spectrometry Imaging (deepPseudoMSI) project (https:\/\/www.deeppseudomsi.org\/), which converts LC\u2013MS raw data to pseudo-MS images and then processes them by deep learning for precision medicine, such as disease diagnosis. Extensive tests based on real data demonstrated the superiority of deepPseudoMSI over traditional approaches and the capacity of our method to achieve an accurate individualized diagnosis. Our framework lays the foundation for future metabolic-based precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbac331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T18:23:19Z","timestamp":1660155799000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Deep learning-based pseudo-mass spectrometry imaging analysis for precision medicine"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9608-9964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaotao","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA"},{"name":"Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA"}]},{"given":"Chuchu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305 , USA"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA"},{"name":"Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA"}]},{"given":"Songjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA"},{"name":"Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA"}]},{"given":"Sai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA"},{"name":"Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA"}]},{"given":"Mirabela","family":"Rusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA"}]},{"given":"Michael P","family":"Snyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA"},{"name":"Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine , Stanford, CA , USA"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022092013232748200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.32","article-title":"Emerging applications of metabolomics in drug discovery and precision medicine","volume":"15","author":"Wishart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2022092013232748200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00502-9","article-title":"Metabolomics and lipidomics in NAFLD: biomarkers 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