{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:36:29Z","timestamp":1773416189349,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61906175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61906175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Key Research Project of Colleges and Universities of Henan Province","award":["22A520013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22A520013"]}]},{"name":"Key Research Project of Colleges and Universities of Henan Province","award":["23B520004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23B520004"]}]},{"name":"Key Science and Technology Development Program of Henan Province","award":["202102210144"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202102210144"]}]},{"name":"Training Program of Young Backbone Teachers in Colleges and Universities of Henan Province","award":["2019GGJS132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019GGJS132"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Chloroplast is a crucial site for photosynthesis in plants. Determining the location and distribution of proteins in subchloroplasts is significant for studying the energy conversion of chloroplasts and regulating the utilization of light energy in crop production. However, the prediction accuracy of the currently developed protein subcellular site predictors is still limited due to the complex protein sequence features and the scarcity of labeled samples. We propose DaDL-SChlo, a multi-location protein subchloroplast localization predictor, which addresses the above problems by fusing pre-trained protein language model deep learning features with traditional handcrafted features and using generative adversarial networks for data augmentation. The experimental results of cross-validation and independent testing show that DaDL-SChlo has greatly improved the prediction performance of protein subchloroplast compared with the state-of-the-art predictors. Specifically, the overall actual accuracy outperforms the state-of-the-art predictors by 10.7% on 10-fold cross-validation and 12.6% on independent testing. DaDL-SChlo is a promising and efficient predictor for protein subchloroplast localization. The datasets and codes of DaDL-SChlo are available at https:\/\/github.com\/xwanggroup\/DaDL-SChlo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbad083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,17]],"date-time":"2023-03-17T13:36:27Z","timestamp":1679060187000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["DaDL-SChlo: protein subchloroplast localization prediction based on generative adversarial networks and pre-trained protein language model"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering and Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Data Intelligence for Food Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450002 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering and Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Data Intelligence for Food Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450002 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering and Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Data Intelligence for Food Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450002 , China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoran","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Communication Engineering and Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Data Intelligence for Food Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , No. 136, Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450002 , 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