{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T14:53:20Z","timestamp":1782140000024,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China","award":["2021JCW-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JCW-08"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11913223000009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11913223000009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Depression has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases; however, its impact on cardiac and lung function remains unclear, especially when accounting for potential gene\u2013environment interactions.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We developed a novel polygenic and gene\u2013environment interaction risk score (PGIRS) integrating the major genetic effect and gene\u2013environment interaction effect of depression-associated loci. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) demonstrating major genetic effect or environmental interaction effect were obtained from genome-wide SNP association and SNP-environment interaction analyses of depression. We then calculated the depression PGIRS for non-depressed individuals, using smoking and alcohol consumption as environmental factors. Using linear regression analysis, we assessed the associations of PGIRS and conventional polygenic risk score (PRS) with lung function (N\u2009=\u200942\u00a0886) and cardiac function (N\u2009=\u20091791) in the subjects with or without exposing to smoking and alcohol drinking.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We detected significant associations of depression PGIRS with cardiac and lung function, contrary to conventional depression PRS. Among smokers, forced vital capacity exhibited a negative association with PGIRS (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.037, FDR\u2009=\u20091.00\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u22128), contrasting with no significant association with PRS (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.002, FDR\u2009=\u20090.943). In drinkers, we observed a positive association between cardiac index with PGIRS (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.088, FDR\u2009=\u20090.010), whereas no such association was found with PRS (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.040, FDR\u2009=\u20090.265). Notably, in individuals who both smoked and drank, forced expiratory volume in 1-second demonstrated a negative association with PGIRS (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.042, FDR\u2009=\u20096.30\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u22129), but not with PRS (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u22120.003, FDR\u2009=\u20090.857).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Our findings underscore the profound impact of depression on cardiac and lung function, highlighting the enhanced efficacy of considering gene\u2013environment interactions in PRS-based studies.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbae070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T13:54:27Z","timestamp":1709560467000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Enhanced polygenic risk score incorporating gene\u2013environment interaction suggests the association of major depressive disorder with cardiac and lung function"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2836-0908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuyu","family":"Pan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission , Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, , Xi'an , P. R. China"},{"name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University , Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, , Xi'an , P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2915-5535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bolun","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission , Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, , Xi'an , P. R. China"},{"name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University , Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, , Xi'an , P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyue","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Trace Elements and Endemic Diseases of National Health and Family Planning Commission , Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Ministry of Education of China, Key Laboratory for Disease Prevention and Control and Health Promotion of Shaanxi Province, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, , Xi'an , P. R. 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