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Due to the lack of genomes from different species, these models cannot effectively leverage evolutionary information. In this study, we have developed SpliceBERT, a language model pretrained on primary ribonucleic acids (RNA) sequences from 72 vertebrates by masked language modeling, and applied it to sequence-based modeling of RNA splicing. Pretraining SpliceBERT on diverse species enables effective identification of evolutionarily conserved elements. Meanwhile, the learned hidden states and attention weights can characterize the biological properties of splice sites. As a result, SpliceBERT was shown effective on several downstream tasks: zero-shot prediction of variant effects on splicing, prediction of branchpoints in humans, and cross-species prediction of splice sites. Our study highlighted the importance of pretraining genomic language models on a diverse range of species and suggested that SSL is a promising approach to enhance our understanding of the regulatory logic underlying genomic sequences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbae163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T05:26:35Z","timestamp":1712899595000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Self-supervised learning on millions of primary RNA sequences from 72 vertebrates improves sequence-based RNA splicing prediction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5701-1438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , 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