{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T04:03:16Z","timestamp":1783483396604,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716940800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Foundation Major Research Instrumentation","award":["2117941"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2117941"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005227","name":"Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005227","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Minority Research Grant Program"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Korea government","award":["NRF-2021R1I1A3048029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1I1A3048029"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HG011411"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HG011411"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Sexual dimorphism in prevalence, severity and genetic susceptibility exists for most common diseases. However, most genetic and clinical outcome studies are designed in sex-combined framework considering sex as a covariate. Few sex-specific studies have analyzed males and females separately, which failed to identify gene-by-sex interaction. Here, we propose a novel unified biologically interpretable deep learning-based framework (named SPIN) for sexual dimorphism analysis. We demonstrate that SPIN significantly improved the C-index up to 23.6% in TCGA cancer datasets, and it was further validated using asthma datasets. In addition, SPIN identifies sex-specific and -shared risk loci that are often missed in previous sex-combined\/-separate analysis. We also show that SPIN is interpretable for explaining how biological pathways contribute to sexual dimorphism and improve risk prediction in an individual level, which can result in the development of precision medicine tailored to a specific individual\u2019s characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbae239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,29]],"date-time":"2024-05-29T02:52:21Z","timestamp":1716951141000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["SPIN: sex-specific and pathway-based interpretable neural network for sexual dimorphism analysis"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8522-5334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Euiseong","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Nevada , Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9877-9398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngsoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information and Statistics and Department of Bio&Medical Bigdata (BK21 Four program), Gyeongsang National University , Jinju , Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6224-2609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhad","family":"Shokoohi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nevada , Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9189-8447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tesfaye B","family":"Mersha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics , Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, , Cincinnati, OH , USA"},{"name":"University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, , Cincinnati, OH , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9565-9523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Nevada , Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024052902521028000_ref1","first-page":"911","article-title":"Sex-specific genetic architecture of human disease","volume-title":"Sex-specific genetic architecture of human disease","author":"Ober","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024052902521028000_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-021-00006-2","article-title":"Analysis of sex-specific risk factors and clinical outcomes in 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