{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T19:27:25Z","timestamp":1780082845978,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]],"date-time":"2025-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82071767"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071767"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82230059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82230059"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Research Development Program of China","award":["BE2022770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BE2022770"]}]},{"name":"Major Program of Wuxi Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University","award":["WMCM20230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WMCM20230"]}]},{"name":"Taihu Light Science and Technology Project of Wuxi"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Recent studies suggest cGAS-STING pathway may play a crucial role in the genesis and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), closely associated with classical pathways and tumor immunity. We aimed to develop models predicting survival and anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 outcomes centered on the cGAS-STING pathway in HCC. We identified classical pathways highly correlated with cGAS-STING pathway and constructed transformer survival model preserving raw structure of pathways. We also developed explainable XGBoost model for predicting anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 outcomes using SHAP algorithm. We trained and validated transformer survival model on pan-cancer cohort and tested it on three independent HCC cohorts. Using 0.5 as threshold across cohorts, we divided each HCC cohort into two groups and calculated P values with log-rank test. TCGA-LIHC: C-index\u2009=\u20090.750, P\u2009=\u20091.52e\u221211; ICGC-LIRI-JP: C-index\u2009=\u20090.741, P\u2009=\u2009.00138; GSE144269: C-index\u2009=\u20090.647, P\u2009=\u2009.0233. We trained and validated [area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC)\u2009=\u20090.777] XGBoost model on immunotherapy datasets and tested it on GSE78220 (AUC\u2009=\u20090.789); we also tested XGBoost model on HCC anti-PD-L1 cohort (AUC\u2009=\u20090.719). Our deep learning model and XGBoost model demonstrate potential in predicting survival risks and anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 outcomes in HCC. We deployed these two prediction models to the GitHub repository and provided detailed instructions for their usage: deep learning survival model, https:\/\/github.com\/mlwalker123\/CSP_survival_model; XGBoost immunotherapy model, https:\/\/github.com\/mlwalker123\/CSP_immunotherapy_model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbae686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T09:47:12Z","timestamp":1735897632000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A transformer-based deep learning survival prediction model and an explainable XGBoost anti-PD-1\/PD-L1 outcome prediction model based on the cGAS-STING-centered pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ren","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University , 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"The Affiliated Huai\u2019an No. 1 People\u2019s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , West Road of the Yellow River, Huai\u2019an 223300 , Jiangsu Province,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166 , Jiangsu Province,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiumei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University , 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"The Affiliated Huai\u2019an No. 1 People\u2019s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , West Road of the Yellow River, Huai\u2019an 223300 , Jiangsu Province,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166 , Jiangsu Province,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhua","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University , 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"The Affiliated Huai\u2019an No. 1 People\u2019s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , West Road of the Yellow River, Huai\u2019an 223300 , Jiangsu Province,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166 , Jiangsu Province,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University , 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province ,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4118-362X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Affiliated Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi People\u2019s Hospital, Wuxi Medical Center, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University , 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province ,","place":["China"]},{"name":"The Affiliated Huai\u2019an No. 1 People\u2019s Hospital, Nanjing Medical University , West Road of the Yellow River, Huai\u2019an 223300 , Jiangsu Province,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University , 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211166 , Jiangsu Province,","place":["China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025010309464800000_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01200-4","article-title":"Hepatocellular 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