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To enhance association analysis power in EAS populations, we propose tranScore, a novel summary-statistics-based transfer learning method that leverages trans-ethnic genetic similarity through hierarchical modeling. By considering EUR as auxiliary population, tranScore performs joint testing of genetic effects in auxiliary and target populations via well-established P-value combination procedures. Simulations demonstrate that tranScore maintains control of type I error rates and provides substantial power gains for diverse genetic architectures, showing robustness against various challenges including incomplete SNP overlap and effect heterogeneity. In the real-data application of eight diseases from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB), after incorporating the genetic information of the EUR population, tranScore identified significantly more genes than the traditional score test which ignored such information. Approximately 41.9% of discovered genes were replicated in the Biobank Japan cohort. Overall, tranScore represents a flexible and powerful statistical approach for association analysis of complex diseases and traits through transfer learning of shared genetic similarities between the auxiliary and target populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbag103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T12:19:03Z","timestamp":1771244343000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An integrative association analysis for complex diseases in underrepresented groups by leveraging the trans-ethnic genetic similarity"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Shuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics , School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, No. 209 Tongshan Road, Yunlong District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004,","place":["China"]}]},{"given":"Jike","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics , School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, No. 209 Tongshan Road, Yunlong District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004,","place":["China"]}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics , School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, No. 209 Tongshan Road, Yunlong District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004,","place":["China"]}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics , School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, No. 209 Tongshan Road, Yunlong District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004,","place":["China"]}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics , School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, No. 209 Tongshan Road, Yunlong District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004,","place":["China"]}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics , School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, No. 209 Tongshan Road, Yunlong District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0315-7156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongyan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Statistics , Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Diseases Risk Assessment, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical Unive rsity, No. 56 South Xinjian Road, Yingze District, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001,","place":["China"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2710-3440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ping","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics , School of Public Health, Xuzhou Medical University, No. 209 Tongshan Road, Yunlong District, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004,","place":["China"]},{"name":"Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Biological Data Mining and Healthcare Transformation , Xuzhou Medical University, No. 209 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