{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:31:25Z","timestamp":1787160685656,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays an increasingly significant role in drug research and development, particularly in drug repurposing, which involves identifying new therapeutic indications for existing pharmacological compounds. From classical algorithms-based tools e.g. DrugRep and DrugRepo, to more recent innovations (e.g. RosettaVS, RepurposeDrugs), this paper reviews the latest AI methods (e.g. AlphaFold3, mediKanren, AdaDR, TxGNN) and their design applications in drug repurposing, particularly in machine learning, deep learning, and biological network analysis. It discusses strategies using predictive models, natural language processing, and big data analysis to accelerate the identification of promising candidates for clinical repurposing. Data availability, model interpretability, and results validation challenges are also highlighted. This review suggests that AI represents a groundbreaking tool in drug repurposing, ranging from protein structure prediction to knowledge graph reasoning, which can significantly reduce the time and costs of developing new therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbag203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T12:08:17Z","timestamp":1777637297000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Artificial intelligence in drug research and development: a review of methods and applications in drug repurposing"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Zieli\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants \u2013 National Research Institute , Kolejowa 2, 62-064 Plewiska ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Fornalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Collegium Maius ul. Fredry 10, 61-701 Poznan ,","place":["Poland"]},{"name":"Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , 825 NE 13th St.Oklahoma City, 73104 Oklahoma ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Szczepaniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , 825 NE 13th St.Oklahoma City, 73104 Oklahoma ,","place":["United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariola","family":"Gimla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation , 825 NE 13th St.Oklahoma City, 73104 Oklahoma ,","place":["United States"]},{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk , Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdansk ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Lema\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Collegium Maius ul. Fredry 10, 61-701 Poznan ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judyta","family":"Cielecka-Piontek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants \u2013 National Research Institute , Kolejowa 2, 62-064 Plewiska ,","place":["Poland"]},{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan ,","place":["Poland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9737-6017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliana B","family":"Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield , Dublin 4, D04 V1W8 Dublin ,","place":["Ireland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16060891","article-title":"The role of AI in drug discovery: challenges, opportunities, and strategies","volume":"16","author":"Blanco-Gonzalez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imed.2021.10.001","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and machine learning in drug discovery and development","volume":"2","author":"Patel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intelligent Medicine"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.3389\/fddsv.2024.1460100","article-title":"How drug repurposing can advance drug discovery: challenges and opportunities, Frontiers","volume":"4","author":"Pinzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Discovery"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40545-020-00282-8","article-title":"Repurposing existing drugs for new uses: a cohort study of the frequency of FDA-granted new indication exclusivities since 1997","volume":"14","author":"Sahragardjoonegani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pharm Policy Pract"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2024.03.030","article-title":"Application of artificial intelligence and machine learning in drug repurposing","volume":"205","author":"Ghandikota","year":"2024","journal-title":"Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1597","DOI":"10.1002\/wcms.1597","article-title":"Deep learning for drug repurposing: methods, databases, and applications","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Comput Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2408.13378","article-title":"DrugAgent: explainable drug repurposing agent with large language model-based reasoning","author":"Inoue","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16101328","article-title":"Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in drug discovery and drug delivery","volume":"16","author":"Serrano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Revolutionizing Personalized Medicine, Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4976","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1603992113","article-title":"Controllability analysis of the directed human protein interaction network identifies disease genes and drug targets","volume":"113","author":"Vinayagam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4514","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06992-7","article-title":"Network integration of multi-tumour omics data suggests novel targeting strategies","volume":"9","author":"Valle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref11","first-page":"182","article-title":"AI-driven drug repurposing for novel therapeutic applications: utilizes AI algorithms to identify existing drugs with potential therapeutic applications in new disease areas","volume":"4","author":"Petrova","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Artif Intell Res Appl"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1038\/534314a","article-title":"Can you teach old drugs new tricks?","volume":"534","author":"Nosengo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3681","article-title":"Diagnosing the decline in pharmaceutical R&D efficiency","volume":"11","author":"Scannell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2016.03.002","article-title":"Drugs, devices, and the FDA: part 1: an overview of approval processes for drugs","volume":"1","author":"Van Norman","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl Sci"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2017.00273","article-title":"Giving drugs a second chance: overcoming regulatory and financial hurdles in repurposing approved drugs As cancer therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Hernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref16","volume-title":"Drug Repurposing Market Research Report Information by Types (Disease-Centric, Target-Centric and Drug-Centric), by Therapeutic Area (Same Therapeutic Area and Different Therapeutic Area), by Drug Molecules (Biologics, Small Molecule), and by Region (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of the World)","author":"Dotadkil","year":"2025"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref17","volume-title":"Drug Repurposing Market Analysis North America, Europe, Asia, Rest of World (ROW) - US, China, Germany, UK, India, France, Japan, Canada, Australia, Brazil - Size and Forecast 2024\u20132028","author":"Technavio","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2020.04.004","article-title":"Drug repositioning or target repositioning: a structural perspective of drug-target-indication relationship for available repurposed drugs","volume":"18","author":"Parisi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199805143382001","article-title":"Oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction","volume":"338","author":"Goldstein","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sildenafil Study Group, N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.9224","article-title":"Recent advances in drug repositioning for the discovery of new anticancer drugs","volume":"10","author":"Shim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4102","DOI":"10.2174\/09298673113209990198","article-title":"Thalidomide-a notorious sedative to a wonder anticancer drug","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199004053221401","article-title":"Zidovudine in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. A controlled trial in persons with fewer than 500 CD4-positive cells per cubic millimeter. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","volume":"322","author":"Volberding","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.11.056","article-title":"Tamoxifen a pioneering drug: an update on the therapeutic potential of tamoxifen derivatives","volume":"143","author":"Shagufta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Med Chem"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61963-1","article-title":"Long-term effects of continuing adjuvant tamoxifen to 10 years versus stopping at 5 years after diagnosis of oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer: ATLAS, a randomised trial","volume":"381","author":"Davies","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-014-0628-7","article-title":"Review of the literature and individual patients' data meta-analysis on efficacy and tolerance of nitroxoline in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections","volume":"14","author":"Naber","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.10.010","article-title":"Empirical treatment of lower urinary tract infections in the face of spreading multidrug resistance: in vitro study on the effectiveness of nitroxoline","volume":"51","author":"Sobke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djq457","article-title":"Effect of nitroxoline on angiogenesis and growth of human bladder cancer","volume":"102","author":"Shim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6633","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.47025","article-title":"Nitroxoline inhibits bladder cancer progression by reversing EMT process and enhancing anti-tumor immunity","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28652","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28652","article-title":"Repurposing of the antibiotic nitroxoline for the treatment of mpox","volume":"95","author":"Bojkova","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404338","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1404338","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in drug repurposing for rare diseases: a mini-review","volume":"11","author":"Cortial","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2018.886","article-title":"ReDO_DB: the repurposing drugs in oncology database","volume":"12","author":"Pantziarka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ecancermedicalscience"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bby002","article-title":"Computational prediction of drug-target interactions using chemogenomic approaches: an empirical survey","volume":"20","author":"Ezzat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2021.01.003","article-title":"Drug repurposing for rare diseases","volume":"42","author":"Roessler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2019.25.1.1","article-title":"Managing unstructured big data in healthcare system","volume":"25","author":"Kong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Healthc Inform Res"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000347","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000347","article-title":"Challenges and best practices for digital unstructured data enrichment in health research: a systematic narrative review","volume":"2","author":"Sedlakova","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Digit Health"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122666","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2023.122666","article-title":"A comprehensive survey on applications of transformers for deep learning tasks","volume":"241","author":"Islam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Syst Appl"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpbup.2021.100042","article-title":"BERT based clinical knowledge extraction for biomedical knowledge graph construction and analysis","volume":"1","author":"Harnoune","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed Update"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9410","DOI":"10.3390\/app14209410","article-title":"An ELECTRA-based model for power safety named entity recognition","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2024.10.244","article-title":"BERT and RoBERTa models for enhanced detection of depression in social media text","volume":"245","author":"Kurniadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Procedia Comput Sci"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iotcps.2023.04.003","article-title":"ChatGPT: a comprehensive review on background, applications, key challenges, bias, ethics, limitations and future scope","volume":"3","author":"Ray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Internet of Things and Cyber-Phys Syst"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz682","article-title":"BioBERT: a pre-trained biomedical language representation model for biomedical text mining","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3458754","article-title":"Domain-specific language model pretraining for biomedical natural language processing","volume":"3","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACM Trans Comput Healthc"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/02763869.2020.1826228","article-title":"PubMed 2.0","volume":"39","author":"White","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Ref Serv Q"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-022-04768-x","article-title":"Using BERT to identify drug-target interactions from whole PubMed","volume":"23","author":"Aldahdooh","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W540","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae235","article-title":"PubTator 3.0: an AI-powered literature resource for unlocking biomedical knowledge","volume":"52","author":"Wei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0164680","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164680","article-title":"BEST: next-generation biomedical entity search tool for knowledge discovery from biomedical literature","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-024-05710-z","article-title":"GPDminer: a tool for extracting named entities and analyzing relations in biological literature","volume":"25","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1180","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad1004","article-title":"The ChEMBL database in 2023: a drug discovery platform spanning multiple bioactivity data types and time periods","volume":"52","author":"Zdrazil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1633","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1075","article-title":"BindingDB in 2024: a FAIR knowledgebase of protein-small molecule binding data","volume":"53","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1373","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac956","article-title":"PubChem 2023 update","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref51","first-page":"1","article-title":"Drug target commons 2.0: a community platform for systematic analysis of drug-target interaction profiles","volume":"20","author":"Tanoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Database (Oxford)"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D1265","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad976","article-title":"DrugBank 6.0: the DrugBank knowledgebase for 2024","volume":"52","author":"Knox","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty114","article-title":"A global network of biomedical relationships derived from text","volume":"34","author":"Percha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0381-4-10","article-title":"Using graph theory to analyze biological networks","volume":"4","author":"Pavlopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"BioData Min"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2012.08.005","article-title":"In silico drug repositioning \u2013 what we need to know","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbae461","article-title":"Knowledge graphs for drug repurposing: a review of databases and methods","volume":"25","author":"Perdomo-Quinteiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref57","first-page":"855","article-title":"node2vec: scalable feature learning for networks","volume":"2016","author":"Grover","year":"2016","journal-title":"Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining Conference"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3357384.3357879","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management","author":"Chen","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1706.02216","article-title":"Inductive representation learning on large graphs","author":"Hamilton","year":"2017"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38192-3","article-title":"Chemistry-intuitive explanation of graph neural networks for molecular property prediction with substructure masking","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5191","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz418","article-title":"deepDR: a network-based deep learning approach to in silico drug repositioning","volume":"35","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.105992","article-title":"A computational approach to drug repurposing using graph neural networks","volume":"150","author":"Doshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-01960-3","article-title":"Building a knowledge graph to enable precision medicine","volume":"10","author":"Chandak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02353-5","article-title":"Drug repurposing for COVID-19 using graph neural network and harmonizing multiple evidence","volume":"11","author":"Hsieh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.29130\/dubited.1507832","article-title":"Study on drug repurposing for ALS treatment using pre-trained knowledge graph embeddings: methods and findings","volume":"13","author":"Yalk\u0131z\u0131m\u0131","year":"2025","journal-title":"Duzce Univ J Sci Technol"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2023.107262","article-title":"RDKG-115: assisting drug repurposing and discovery for rare diseases by trimodal knowledge graph embedding","volume":"164","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btad748","article-title":"Drug repositioning with adaptive graph convolutional networks","volume":"40","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3556974","volume-title":"Android Source Code Vulnerability Detection: A Systematic Literature Review","author":"Senanayake","year":"2023"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2202.10610","article-title":"Knowledge Base question answering by case-based reasoning over subgraphs","author":"Das","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.83097","article-title":"Guidelines for management of essential tremor","volume":"14","author":"Pal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70140","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.70140","article-title":"Association between \u03b2-adrenoreceptor agonists and antagonists and Parkinson's disease: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Szmigiel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.27159","article-title":"Propranolol reduces Parkinson's tremor and inhibits tremor-related activity in the motor cortex: a placebo-controlled crossover trial","volume":"97","author":"Heide","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/life14020233","article-title":"Integrating artificial intelligence for drug discovery in the context of revolutionizing drug delivery","volume":"14","author":"Visan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-022-00996-2","article-title":"DrugRep: an automatic virtual screening server for drug repurposing","volume":"44","author":"Gan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21116","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24980-2","article-title":"DrugRepo: a novel approach to repurposing drugs based on chemical and genomic features","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7761","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52061-7","article-title":"An artificial intelligence accelerated virtual screening platform for drug discovery","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbae328","article-title":"RepurposeDrugs: an interactive web-portal and predictive platform for repurposing mono- and combination therapies","volume":"25","author":"Ianevski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4306","article-title":"The drug repurposing hub: a next-generation drug library and information resource","volume":"23","author":"Corsello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2210.01776","article-title":"DiffDock: diffusion steps, twists, and turns for molecular docking","author":"Corso","year":"2022"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00659-2","article-title":"Artificial intelligence\u2013enabled virtual screening of ultra-large chemical libraries with deep docking","volume":"17","author":"Gentile","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2495","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.6b00355","article-title":"Boosting docking-based virtual screening with deep learning","volume":"56","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chem Inf Model"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3389\/fbinf.2022.885983","article-title":"Scoring functions for protein-ligand binding affinity prediction using structure-based deep learning: a review, Frontiers","volume":"2","author":"Meli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23014-1","article-title":"DeepLPI: a novel deep learning-based model for protein\u2013ligand interaction prediction for drug repurposing","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867327666200526142958","article-title":"Convolutional neural network-based virtual screening","volume":"28","author":"Shan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009818","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009818","article-title":"The structural coverage of the human proteome before and after AlphaFold","volume":"18","author":"Porta-Pardo","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-02083-2","article-title":"'The entire protein universe': AI predicts shape of nearly every known protein","volume":"608","author":"Callaway","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","article-title":"Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold","volume":"596","author":"Jumper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07487-w","article-title":"Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3","volume":"630","author":"Abramson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16121678","article-title":"Computational and experimental drug repurposing of FDA-approved compounds targeting the cannabinoid receptor CB1","volume":"16","author":"Criscuolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/wcms.1693","volume-title":"Revolutionizing Peptide-Based Drug Discovery: Advances in the Post-AlphaFold Era","author":"Chang","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3671","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083671","article-title":"AlphaFold3: an overview of applications and performance insights","volume":"26","author":"Krokidis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-024-00204-z","article-title":"Repurposing metabolic regulators: antidiabetic drugs as anticancer agents","volume":"5","author":"Dhas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Biomed"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565890","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1565890","article-title":"Editorial: old drugs: confronting recent advancements and challenges","volume":"16","author":"Wiktorowska-Owczarek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1002\/prot.70078","article-title":"Practical outcomes from CASP16 for users in need of biomolecular structure prediction","volume":"94","author":"Abriata","year":"2026","journal-title":"Proteins"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-023-02087-4","article-title":"AlphaFold predictions are valuable hypotheses and accelerate but do not replace experimental structure determination","volume":"21","author":"Terwilliger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2025.2456046","article-title":"AlphaFold and what is next: bridging functional, systems and structural biology","volume":"22","author":"Szczepski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev Proteomics"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2798","DOI":"10.3390\/app15052798","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-based methods for drug repurposing and development in cancer","volume":"15","author":"Herr\u00e1iz-Gil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2022.0026","article-title":"A new approach to drug repurposing with two-stage prediction","volume":"26","author":"Cong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Machine Learning, and Unsupervised Clustering of Gene Expression, Omics"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023324","article-title":"Big data and artificial intelligence Modeling for drug discovery","volume":"60","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nww003","article-title":"Applying high-performance computing in drug discovery and molecular simulation","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Natl Sci Rev"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref101","author":"Recursion","year":"2026"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref102","first-page":"16026","article-title":"Trends in AI supercomputers","volume":"2504","author":"Pilz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arxiv"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-021-04406-y","article-title":"A drug repositioning algorithm based on a deep autoencoder and adaptive fusion","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jchemed.5b00404","article-title":"RCSB protein data Bank: a resource for chemical, biochemical, and structural explorations of large and small biomolecules","volume":"93","author":"Zardecki","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Chem Educ"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02405-w","article-title":"COVID-19: viral-host interactome analyzed by network based-approach model to study pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"18","author":"Messina","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty637","article-title":"Random walk with restart on multiplex and heterogeneous biological networks","volume":"35","author":"Valdeolivas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4624","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.0c00316","article-title":"Repurpose open data to discover therapeutics for COVID-19 using deep learning","volume":"19","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2025581118","article-title":"Network medicine framework for identifying drug-repurposing opportunities for COVID-19","volume":"118","author":"Morselli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-019-2671-y","article-title":"Repurposing approved drugs as inhibitors of K(v)7.1 and Na(v)1.8 to treat Pitt Hopkins syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Ekins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9040440","article-title":"Artificially induced pluripotent stem cell-derived whole-brain organoid for modelling the pathophysiology of metachromatic leukodystrophy and drug repurposing","volume":"9","author":"Esmail","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1080\/17425255.2024.2402481","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of nicardipine; a systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Ayub","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.02.021","article-title":"Psychiatric risk gene transcription factor 4 regulates intrinsic excitability of prefrontal neurons via repression of SCN10a and KCNQ1","volume":"90","author":"Rannals","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref113","first-page":"463","article-title":"A literature-based knowledge graph embedding method for identifying drug repurposing opportunities in rare diseases","volume":"25","author":"Sosa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pac Symp Biocomput"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.2174\/138920211795860107","article-title":"Retinitis pigmentosa: genes and disease mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Ferrari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Genomics"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-04911-7","article-title":"The mechanistic functional landscape of retinitis pigmentosa: a machine learning-driven approach to therapeutic target discovery","volume":"22","author":"Esteban-Medina","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.6.080604.162305","article-title":"NOONAN SYNDROME AND RELATED DISORDERS: NOONAN Syndrome and Related Disorders: genetics and pathogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Tartaglia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Drug repositioning for Noonan and LEOPARD syndromes by integrating transcriptomics with a structure-based approach","author":"Zhu","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00927"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2018.12.010","article-title":"A computational framework for genome-wide characterization of the human disease landscape","volume":"8","author":"Y-s","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Syst"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-85947-7","article-title":"DeepDrug as an expert guided and AI driven drug repurposing methodology for selecting the lead combination of drugs for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2023.02.004","article-title":"AI-DrugNet: a network-based deep learning model for drug repurposing and combination therapy in neurological disorders","volume":"21","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1311","article-title":"Pediatric anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: mechanisms, pharmacogenomics, and pluripotent stem-cell Modeling","volume":"105","author":"Tripaydonis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccao.2020.11.004","article-title":"Machine learning identifies clinical and\u00a0genetic factors associated with anthracycline cardiotoxicity in Pediatric\u00a0cancer survivors","volume":"2","author":"Chaix","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC CardioOncol"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5860","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13390","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for biomarker discovery in Alzheimer's disease and dementia","volume":"19","author":"Winchester","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dementia"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2023.10.125","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for predictive biomarker discovery in immuno-oncology: a systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Prelaj","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00138-z","article-title":"Endophenotype-based in silico network medicine discovery combined with insurance record data mining identifies sildenafil as a candidate drug for Alzheimer's disease","volume":"1","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2022.100496","article-title":"Systematic indication extension for drugs using patient stratification insights generated by combinatorial analytics","volume":"3","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"Patterns"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2022.910216","article-title":"The precision medicine process for treating rare disease using the artificial intelligence tool mediKanren","volume":"5","author":"Foksinska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Artif Intell"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e179","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.102","article-title":"Analysis of the chromosome X exome in patients with autism spectrum disorders identified novel candidate genes, including TMLHE","volume":"2","author":"Nava","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2024.2403639","article-title":"Data-centric challenges with the application and adoption of artificial intelligence for drug discovery","volume":"19","author":"Ghislat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Discov"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-3449-3_10","volume-title":"Methods Mol Biol","author":"Jeynes"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Speaking the same language: leveraging LLMS in standardizing clinical data for AI","author":"Sett","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2408.11861"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Patchwork learning: a paradigm towards integrative analysis across diverse biomedical data sources","author":"Rajendran","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2305.06217"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-024-02411-5","article-title":"Drug design on quantum computers","volume":"20","author":"Santagati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Phys"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2023.103675","article-title":"Quantum computing for near-term applications in generative chemistry and drug discovery","volume":"28","author":"Pyrkov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref135","first-page":"468","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Biological Sciences","author":"Mohanan","edition":"1st"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-021-00386-z","article-title":"Regulating AI in medicine in the United States and Europe","volume":"3","author":"Vokinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18010047","article-title":"Harnessing the AI\/ML in drug and biological products discovery and development: the regulatory perspective","volume":"18","author":"Mirakhori","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcpdig.2024.100191","article-title":"Global harmonization of artificial intelligence-enabled software as a medical device regulation: addressing challenges and unifying standards","volume":"3","author":"Reddy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc Digital Health"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e081554","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-081554","article-title":"FUTURE-AI: international consensus guideline for trustworthy and deployable artificial intelligence in healthcare","volume":"388","author":"Lekadir","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.4258\/hir.2023.29.4.315","article-title":"Requirements for trustworthy artificial intelligence and its application in healthcare","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthc Inform Res"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3287560.328759","volume-title":"19th Proceedings of the Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency","author":"Mitchell","year":"2019"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e210127","DOI":"10.1148\/ryai.210127","article-title":"Assessing methods and tools to improve reporting, increase transparency, and reduce failures in machine learning applications in health care","volume":"4","author":"Garbin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiol Artif Intell"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103358","volume-title":"Schiebinger L","author":"Zou","year":"2021"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2024.2422848","article-title":"The bias algorithm: how AI in healthcare exacerbates ethnic and racial disparities\u2013a scoping review","volume":"30","author":"Hussain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ethn Health"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-025-02883-2","article-title":"Sharing reliable information worldwide: healthcare strategies based on artificial intelligence need external validation. Position paper","volume":"25","author":"Pennestr\u00ec","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref146","first-page":"693","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Health Care and Medical Sciences: Best Practices and Pitfalls","author":"Simon"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-021-01806-4","article-title":"Data silos are undermining drug development and failing rare disease patients","volume":"16","author":"Denton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"EMBJ2023115008","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2023115008","article-title":"\u201cBe sustainable\u201d: EOSC-life recommendations for implementation of FAIR principles in life science data handling","volume":"42","author":"David","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2016.18","article-title":"The FAIR guiding principles for scientific data management and stewardship","volume":"3","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Data"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","article-title":"Few-shot link prediction via graph neural networks for covid-19 drug-repurposing","author":"Ioannidis","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.2007.10261"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0000599","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pdig.0000599","article-title":"The role of open access data in democratizing healthcare AI: a pathway to research enhancement, patient well-being and treatment equity in Andalusia, Spain","volume":"3","author":"Ritor\u00e9","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Digit Health"},{"key":"2026052111371166200_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2023.307350","article-title":"Data democratization for health equity: a public health of consequence","volume":"113","author":"Kapadia","year":"2023","journal-title":"American Public Health Association"}],"container-title":["Briefings in Bioinformatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bib\/article-pdf\/27\/3\/bbag203\/68359577\/bbag203.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bib\/article-pdf\/27\/3\/bbag203\/68359577\/bbag203.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T15:37:23Z","timestamp":1779377843000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bib\/article\/doi\/10.1093\/bib\/bbag203\/8689978"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":152,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bib\/bbag203","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-5463","1477-4054"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-5463","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-4054","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"article-number":"bbag203"}}