{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T08:24:20Z","timestamp":1770452660626,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]],"date-time":"2018-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002367","name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XDB13040500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDB13040500"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002367","name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XDA08020102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA08020102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research Program of China","award":["2017YFC0907502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0907502"]}]},{"name":"National Programs for High Technology Research and Development","award":["2015AA020108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015AA020108"]}]},{"name":"National Programs for High Technology Research and Development","award":["2012AA020409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012AA020409"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31200978"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31200978"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XDA08020102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA08020102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002367","name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XXH13505-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XXH13505-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002367","name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["XXH13505-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XXH13505-05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002367","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"International Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["153F11KYSB20160008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["153F11KYSB20160008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genes originate at different evolutionary time scales and possess different ages, accordingly presenting diverse functional characteristics and reflecting distinct adaptive evolutionary innovations. In the past decades, progresses have been made in gene age identification by a variety of methods that are principally based on comparative genomics. Here we summarize methods for computational determination of gene age and evaluate the effectiveness of different computational methods for age identification. Our results show that improved age determination can be achieved by combining homolog clustering with phylogeny inference, which enables more accurate age identification in human genes. Accordingly, we characterize evolutionary dynamics of human genes based on an extremely long evolutionary time scale spanning ~4,000 million years from archaea\/bacteria to human, revealing that young genes are clustered on certain chromosomes and that Mendelian disease genes (including monogenic disease and polygenic disease genes) and cancer genes exhibit divergent evolutionary origins. Taken together, deciphering genes\u2019 ages as well as their evolutionary dynamics is of fundamental significance in unveiling the underlying mechanisms during evolution and better understanding how young or new genes become indispensable integrants coupled with novel phenotypes and biological diversity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bby074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,30]],"date-time":"2018-08-30T11:56:25Z","timestamp":1535630185000},"page":"2141-2149","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Computational determination of gene age and characterization of evolutionary dynamics in human"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, China"}]},{"given":"Mengwei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}]},{"given":"Chaozu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresources, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, China"}]},{"given":"Zhang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BIG Data Center & CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2020011102330018500_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-86659-3","volume-title":"Evolution by Gene Duplication.","author":"Ohno","year":"1970"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020011102330018500_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1204","article-title":"The origin of new genes: glimpses from the young and old","volume":"4","author":"Long","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020011102330018500_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2482","article-title":"Turning a hobby into a job: How duplicated genes find new functions","volume":"9","author":"Conant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020011102330018500_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-015-0607-3","article-title":"Expression of multiple horizontally acquired genes is a hallmark of both vertebrate and invertebrate genomes","volume":"16","author":"Crisp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2020011102330018500_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genet.37.050503.084247","article-title":"Lateral gene transfer and the origins of prokaryotic groups","volume":"37","author":"Boucher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020011102330018500_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2386","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotic evolution","volume":"9","author":"Keeling","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"5645","key":"2020011102330018500_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/271501a0","article-title":"Why genes in pieces","volume":"271","author":"Gilbert","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020011102330018500_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn281","article-title":"Origin of primate orphan genes: a comparative genomics approach","volume":"26","author":"Toll-Riera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020011102330018500_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.095026.109","article-title":"Recent de novo origin of human protein-coding genes","volume":"19","author":"Knowles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020011102330018500_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2487","article-title":"RNA-based gene duplication: mechanistic and evolutionary insights","volume":"10","author":"Kaessmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020011102330018500_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3521","article-title":"New genes as drivers of phenotypic evolution","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"2020011102330018500_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-111212-133301","article-title":"New gene evolution: little did we know","volume":"47","author":"Long","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020011102330018500_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.101386.109","article-title":"Origins, evolution, and phenotypic impact of new genes","volume":"20","author":"Kaessmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020011102330018500_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.02.028","article-title":"Chromatin accessibility landscape in human early embryos and its association with evolution","volume":"173","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020011102330018500_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2013.07.001","article-title":"How old is my gene?","volume":"29","author":"Capra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020011102330018500_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2007.08.014","article-title":"A phylostratigraphy approach to uncover the genomic history of major adaptations in metazoan lineages","volume":"23","author":"Domazet-Loso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"issue":"18","key":"2020011102330018500_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7273","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901808106","article-title":"The universal distribution of evolutionary rates of genes and distinct characteristics of eukaryotic genes of different apparent ages","volume":"106","author":"Wolf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020011102330018500_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msn214","article-title":"An ancient evolutionary origin of genes associated with human genetic diseases","volume":"25","author":"Domazet-Loso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2020011102330018500_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evq019","article-title":"Relaxed purifying selection and possibly high rate of adaptation in primate lineage-specific genes","volume":"2","author":"Cai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020011102330018500_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.076588.108","article-title":"On the origin of new genes in Drosophila","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020011102330018500_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000494","article-title":"Chromosomal redistribution of male-biased genes in mammalian evolution with two bursts of gene gain on the X chromosome","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020011102330018500_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evw216","article-title":"What signatures dominantly associate with gene age?","volume":"8","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020011102330018500_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1224503","article-title":"OrthoMCL: identification of ortholog groups for eukaryotic genomes","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"5423","key":"2020011102330018500_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5423.2124","article-title":"Phylogenetic classification and the universal tree","volume":"284","author":"Doolittle","year":"1999","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2020011102330018500_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6150-4-34","article-title":"Prokaryotic evolution and the tree of life are two different things","volume":"4","author":"Bapteste","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Direct"},{"key":"2020011102330018500_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6150-6-36","article-title":"Early evolution without a tree of life","volume":"6","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol Direct"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020011102330018500_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syq010","article-title":"New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0","volume":"59","author":"Guindon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020011102330018500_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msi045","article-title":"Inverse relationship between evolutionary rate and age of mammalian genes","volume":"22","author":"Alba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020011102330018500_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msj006","article-title":"The \u201cInverse relationship between evolutionary rate and age of mammalian genes\u201d is an artifact of increased genetic distance with rate of evolution and time of divergence","volume":"23","author":"Elhaik","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020011102330018500_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu286","article-title":"Phylostratigraphic bias creates spurious patterns of genome evolution","volume":"32","author":"Moyers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020011102330018500_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evx109","article-title":"Further simulations and analyses demonstrate open problems of phylostratigraphy","volume":"9","author":"Moyers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Biol Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020011102330018500_ref32","first-page":"843","article-title":"No evidence for phylostratigraphic bias impacting inferences on patterns of gene emergence and evolution","volume":"34","author":"Domazet-Loso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020011102330018500_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/18.3.502","article-title":"TREE-PUZZLE: maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis using quartets and parallel computing","volume":"18","author":"Schmidt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020011102330018500_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/14.2.157","article-title":"Rose: generating sequence families","volume":"14","author":"Stoye","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020011102330018500_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/149.3.1615","article-title":"Correlation between the substitution rate and rate variation among sites in protein evolution","volume":"149","author":"Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020011102330018500_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005391","article-title":"Emergence, retention and selection: a trilogy of origination for functional de novo proteins from ancestral LncRNAs in primates","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plos Genet"},{"issue":"7136","key":"2020011102330018500_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/446616a","article-title":"Unity from conflict","volume":"446","author":"Rainey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2020011102330018500_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-8-66","article-title":"Phylostratigraphic tracking of cancer genes suggests a link to the emergence of multicellularity in metazoa","volume":"8","author":"Domazet-Loso","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020011102330018500_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2006-7-5-r43","article-title":"The gain and loss of genes during 600 million years of vertebrate evolution","volume":"7","author":"Blomme","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020011102330018500_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu299","article-title":"Expression profile and gene age jointly shaped the genome-wide distribution of premature termination codons in a Drosophila melanogaster population","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020011102330018500_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msh085","article-title":"Functional evolution of the yeast protein interaction network","volume":"21","author":"Kunin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2020011102330018500_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-015-0772-4","article-title":"New genes drive the evolution of gene interaction networks in the human and mouse genomes","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020011102330018500_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.109595.110","article-title":"Young proteins experience more variable selection pressures than old proteins","volume":"20","author":"Vishnoi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2020011102330018500_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mss014","article-title":"Younger genes are less likely to be essential than older genes, and duplicates are less likely to be essential than singletons of the same age","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"6011","key":"2020011102330018500_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1196380","article-title":"New genes in Drosophila quickly become essential","volume":"330","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"2020011102330018500_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msi122","article-title":"Evolution of proteins and gene expression levels are coupled in Drosophila and are independently associated with mRNA abundance, protein length, and number of protein-protein interactions","volume":"22","author":"Lemos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020011102330018500_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/158.2.927","article-title":"Highly expressed genes in yeast evolve slowly","volume":"158","author":"Pal","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2020011102330018500_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2016.05.041","article-title":"Old genes experience stronger translational selection than young genes","volume":"590","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gene"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020011102330018500_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2014.11.003","article-title":"Gene age predicts the strength of purifying selection acting on gene expression variation in humans","volume":"95","author":"Popadin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"16","key":"2020011102330018500_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5932","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321420111","article-title":"DNA methylation and evolution of duplicate genes","volume":"111","author":"Keller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020011102330018500_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10709-006-9125-2","article-title":"Understanding relationship between sequence and functional evolution in yeast proteins","volume":"131","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genetica"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020011102330018500_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddr436","article-title":"What are the determinants of gene expression levels and breadths in the human genome?","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2020011102330018500_ref53","article-title":"A molecular portrait of de novo genes in yeasts","author":"Vakirlis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020011102330018500_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3053","article-title":"The evolutionary origin of orphan genes","volume":"12","author":"Tautz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2020011102330018500_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2004.09.031","article-title":"Sexual selection, genetic conflict, selfish genes, and the atypical patterns of gene expression in spermatogenic cells","volume":"277","author":"Kleene","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2020011102330018500_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.107334.110","article-title":"Age-dependent chromosomal distribution of male-biased genes in Drosophila","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020011102330018500_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060080","article-title":"Chromosomal gene movements reflect the recent origin and biology of therian sex chromosomes","volume":"6","author":"Potrzebowski","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2020011102330018500_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.6049","article-title":"Retroposed new genes out of the X in Drosophila","volume":"12","author":"Betran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020011102330018500_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1390","article-title":"An X-to-autosome retrogene is required for spermatogenesis in mice","volume":"36","author":"Bradley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"2020011102330018500_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-14-117","article-title":"Phylogenetic patterns of emergence of new genes support a model of frequent de novo evolution","volume":"14","author":"Neme","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"Database issue","key":"2020011102330018500_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D574","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1131","article-title":"DEG 10, an update of the database of essential genes that includes both protein-coding genes and noncoding genomic elements","volume":"42","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"1736","key":"2020011102330018500_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0456","article-title":"Evolution of recombination rates between sex chromosomes","volume":"372","author":"Charlesworth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philos T R Soc B"},{"issue":"5634","key":"2020011102330018500_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1086132","article-title":"Structural dynamics of eukaryotic chromosome evolution","volume":"301","author":"Eichler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020011102330018500_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msp297","article-title":"Exploring the differences in evolutionary rates between monogenic and polygenic disease genes in human","volume":"27","author":"Podder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2020011102330018500_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2010.07.003","article-title":"Evolutionary inspirations for drug discovery","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2020011102330018500_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2011.11.004","article-title":"Can medical genetics and evolutionary biology inspire drug target identification?","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2020011102330018500_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2012.08.004","article-title":"Systems approaches to biology and disease enable translational systems medicine","volume":"10","author":"Hood","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020011102330018500_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu167","article-title":"Studying Tumorigenesis through Network Evolution and Somatic Mutational Perturbations in the Cancer Interactome","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2020011102330018500_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2014.08.013","article-title":"New genes contribute to genetic and phenotypic novelties in human evolution","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Genet Dev"},{"issue":"9","key":"2020011102330018500_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu188","article-title":"Evolutionary origin and human-specific expansion of a cancer\/testis antigen gene family","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"2020011102330018500_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.244","article-title":"CT45A1 acts as a new proto-oncogene to trigger tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis","volume":"5","author":"Shang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"2020011102330018500_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2001-2-8-comment2007","article-title":"Complex genetic diseases: controversy over the Croesus code","volume":"2","author":"Wright","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"2020011102330018500_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-7-165","article-title":"Differences in the evolutionary history of disease genes affected by dominant or recessive mutations","volume":"7","author":"Furney","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"2020011102330018500_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2017.04.002","article-title":"Primate-specific long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs","volume":"15","author":"Awan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genomics Proteomics Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"6","key":"2020011102330018500_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002567","article-title":"ProteinHistorian: tools for the comparative analysis of eukaryote protein origin","volume":"8","author":"Capra","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Comput Biol"}],"container-title":["Briefings in Bioinformatics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bib\/article-pdf\/20\/6\/2141\/31789437\/bby074.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bib\/article-pdf\/20\/6\/2141\/31789437\/bby074.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T22:40:37Z","timestamp":1661899237000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/bib\/article\/20\/6\/2141\/5089936"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bib\/bby074","relation":{},"ISSN":["1467-5463","1477-4054"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1467-5463","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-4054","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,3]]}}}