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They can be applied to bulk-tissue gene expression profiling and assign function, and usually cell type specificity, to a high percentage of the gene pool used to construct the network. One of the limitations of this method is that each gene is predicted to play a role in a specific set of coherent functions in a single cell type (i.e. at most we get a single &amp;lt;gene, function, cell type&amp;gt; for each gene). We present here GMSCA (Gene Multifunctionality Secondary Co-expression Analysis), a software tool that exploits the co-expression paradigm to increase the number of functions and cell types ascribed to a gene in bulk-tissue co-expression networks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We applied GMSCA to 27 co-expression networks derived from bulk-tissue gene expression profiling of a variety of brain tissues. Neurons and glial cells (microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) were considered the main cell types. Applying this approach, we increase the overall number of predicted triplets &amp;lt;gene, function, cell type&amp;gt; by 46.73%. Moreover, GMSCA predicts that the SNCA gene, traditionally associated to work mainly in neurons, also plays a relevant function in oligodendrocytes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Availabilityand implementation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The tool is available at GitHub, https:\/\/github.com\/drlaguna\/GMSCA as open-source software.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Supplementary information<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btab175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,16]],"date-time":"2021-03-16T09:22:56Z","timestamp":1615886576000},"page":"2905-2911","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Modeling multifunctionality of genes with secondary gene co-expression networks in human brain provides novel disease insights"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Juan A","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda de la Informaci\u00f3n y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia , Murcia E-30100, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana L","family":"Gil-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology , London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Cisterna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda de la Informaci\u00f3n y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia , Murcia E-30100, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ru\u00edz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology , London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"G\u00f3mez-Pascual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda de la Informaci\u00f3n y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia , Murcia E-30100, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina H","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology , London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mike","family":"Nalls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"},{"name":"Data Tecnica International , Glen Echo, MD 20812, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology , London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Ryten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology , London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan A","family":"Bot\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda de la Informaci\u00f3n y las Comunicaciones, Universidad de Murcia , Murcia E-30100, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology , London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023061310562216300_btab175-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24830","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1807456116","article-title":"A locomotor assay reveals deficits in heterozygous Parkinson\u2019s disease model and proprioceptive mutants in adult Drosophila","volume":"116","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. 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