{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T22:29:37Z","timestamp":1769984977573,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]],"date-time":"2021-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFA0907000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0907000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62072435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62072435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31770775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31770775"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82130055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82130055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Motivation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Accurate prediction of protein structure relies heavily on exploiting multiple sequence alignment (MSA) for residue mutations and correlations as this information specifies protein tertiary structure. The widely used prediction approaches usually transform MSA into inter-mediate models, say position-specific scoring matrix or profile hidden Markov model. These inter-mediate models, however, cannot fully represent residue mutations and correlations carried by MSA; hence, an effective way to directly exploit MSAs is highly desirable.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Here, we report a novel sequence set network (called Seq-SetNet) to directly and effectively exploit MSA for protein structure prediction. Seq-SetNet uses an \u2018encoding and aggregation\u2019 strategy that consists of two key elements: (i) an encoding module that takes a component homologue in MSA as input, and encodes residue mutations and correlations into context-specific features for each residue; and (ii) an aggregation module to aggregate the features extracted from all component homologues, which are further transformed into structural properties for residues of the query protein. As Seq-SetNet encodes each homologue protein individually, it could consider both insertions and deletions, as well as long-distance correlations among residues, thus representing more information than the inter-mediate models. Moreover, the encoding module automatically learns effective features and thus avoids manual feature engineering. Using symmetric aggregation functions, Seq-SetNet processes the homologue proteins as a sequence set, making its prediction results invariable to the order of these proteins. On popular benchmark sets, we demonstrated the successful application of Seq-SetNet to predict secondary structure and torsion angles of residues with improved accuracy and efficiency.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Availability and implementation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The code and datasets are available through https:\/\/github.com\/fusong-ju\/Seq-SetNet.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Supplementary information<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btab777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T20:17:58Z","timestamp":1637871478000},"page":"990-996","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Seq-SetNet: directly exploiting multiple sequence alignment for protein secondary structure prediction"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0467-7858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fusong","family":"Ju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianwei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microsoft Research Asia , Beijing 100080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guozheng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0351-3720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiwei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Zhongke Big Data Academy , Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Mou","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dongbo","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab of Intelligent Information Processing, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Zhongke Big Data Academy , Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023020108523819600_btab777-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389","article-title":"Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs","volume":"25","author":"Altschul","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids 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