{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T01:24:39Z","timestamp":1769217879918,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"GNCS-INDAM project 2020"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Motivation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In fluorescence microscopy, single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) techniques aim at localizing with high-precision high-density fluorescent molecules by stochastically activating and imaging small subsets of blinking emitters. Super resolution plays an important role in this field since it allows to go beyond the intrinsic light diffraction limit.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>In this work, we propose a deep learning-based algorithm for precise molecule localization of high-density frames acquired by SMLM techniques whose \u21132-based loss function is regularized by non-negative and \u21130-based constraints. The \u21130 is relaxed through its continuous exact \u21130 (CEL0) counterpart. The arising approach, named DeepCEL0, is parameter-free, more flexible, faster and provides more precise molecule localization maps if compared to the other state-of-the-art methods. We validate our approach on both simulated and real fluorescence microscopy data.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Availability and implementation<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>DeepCEL0 code is freely accessible at https:\/\/github.com\/sedaboni\/DeepCEL0.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btab808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T20:13:44Z","timestamp":1638216824000},"page":"1411-1419","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["DeepCEL0 for 2D single-molecule localization in fluorescence microscopy"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Pasquale","family":"Cascarano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Bologna , Bologna 40126, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2903-4389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Colomba","family":"Comes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Tor Vergata , 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Sebastiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Bologna , Bologna 40126, Italy"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Mencattini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Tor Vergata , 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Studies on Lab-on-Chip and Organ-on-Chip Applications , University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9951-3564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Loli Piccolomini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering , University of Bologna, Bologna 40126, Italy"}]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Martinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Tor Vergata , 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Studies on Lab-on-Chip and Organ-on-Chip Applications , University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023020108542708600_btab808-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02956173","article-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur theorie des mikroskops und der mikroskopischen wahrnehmung","volume":"9","author":"Abbe","year":"1873","journal-title":"Arch. 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