{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T06:42:59Z","timestamp":1773124979257,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Taylor-Vinje research award provided by the University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Botany"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011447","name":"Mycological Society of America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011447","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Graduate Education with funding from the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Motivation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Kinship estimation is necessary for evaluating violations of assumptions or testing certain hypotheses in many population genomic studies. However, kinship estimators are usually designed for diploid systems and cannot be used in populations with mixed haploid diploid genetic systems. The only estimators for different ploidies require datasets free of population structure, limiting their usage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We present KIMGENS (Kinship Inference for Mixed GENetic Systems), an estimator for kinship estimation among individuals of various ploidies, that is robust to population structure. This estimator is based on the popular KING-robust estimator but uses diploid relatives of the individuals of interest as references of heterozygosity and extends its use to haploid\u2013diploid and haploid pairs of individuals. We demonstrate that KIMGENS estimates kinship more accurately than previously developed estimators in simulated panmictic, structured and admixed populations, but has lower accuracy when the individual of interest is inbred. KIMGENS also outperforms other estimators in a honeybee dataset. Therefore, KIMGENS is a valuable addition to a population geneticist\u2019s toolbox.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Availability and implementation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>KIMGENS and its association simulation tool are implemented and available open-source at https:\/\/github.com\/YenWenWang\/HapDipKinship.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Supplementary information<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btac293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T15:17:22Z","timestamp":1650554242000},"page":"3044-3050","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["KIMGENS: a novel method to estimate kinship in organisms with mixed haploid diploid genetic systems robust to population structure"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6851-1646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yen-Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4702-8217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"An\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023041403080651000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(01)02343-5","article-title":"Mating in mushrooms: increasing the chances but prolonging the affair","volume":"17","author":"Brown","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"key":"2023041403080651000_","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2015.11.022","article-title":"Model-free estimation of recent genetic relatedness","volume":"98","author":"Conomos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. 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