{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T08:38:12Z","timestamp":1773477492115,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,10]],"date-time":"2023-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSF_2033569"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSF_2033569"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Motivation<\/jats:title><jats:p>Knowledge graphs (KGs) are being adopted in industry, commerce and academia. Biomedical KG presents a challenge due to the complexity, size and heterogeneity of the underlying information.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this work, we present the Scalable Precision Medicine Open Knowledge Engine (SPOKE), a biomedical KG connecting millions of concepts via semantically meaningful relationships. SPOKE contains 27 million nodes of 21 different types and 53 million edges of 55 types downloaded from 41 databases. The graph is built on the framework of 11 ontologies that maintain its structure, enable mappings and facilitate navigation. SPOKE is built weekly by python scripts which download each resource, check for integrity and completeness, and then create a \u2018parent table\u2019 of nodes and edges. Graph queries are translated by a REST API and users can submit searches directly via an API or a graphical user interface. Conclusions\/Significance: SPOKE enables the integration of seemingly disparate information to support precision medicine efforts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Availability and implementation<\/jats:title><jats:p>The SPOKE neighborhood explorer is available at https:\/\/spoke.rbvi.ucsf.edu.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Supplementary information<\/jats:title><jats:p>Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btad080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,8]],"date-time":"2023-02-08T23:49:31Z","timestamp":1675900171000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["The scalable precision medicine open knowledge engine (SPOKE): a massive knowledge graph of biomedical information"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"John H","family":"Morris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, 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Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"}]},{"given":"Alexander R","family":"Pico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Data Science and Biotechnology, Gladstone Institutes, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"}]},{"given":"Taline","family":"Mardirossian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, CA 94143-2550, USA"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Keiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, CA 94143-2550, USA"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF-UC Berkeley Bioengineering Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco, CA 94158, 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